Oxygenation

Question 1

What is the term that refers to how well the cells, tissues, and organs of the body are supplied with oxygen?

Answer 1

oxygenation

Question 2

What is respiration?

Answer 2

exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen through the alveolar and capillary membranes

Question 3

What is ventilation?

Answer 3

movement of air into/out of the lungs

Question 4

What is lung compliance and what things decrease it?

Answer 4

ease of lung inflation

decreased by: edema, loss of surfactant, or disorders causing the replacement of elastin with collagen

Question 5

What is lung elasticity and what things decrease it?

Answer 5

elastin fibers return to their original position

decreased by: emphysema inhibits deflation

Question 6

What is external respiration?

Answer 6

alveolar capillary gas exchange occurring in the lungs

Question 7

What is internal respiration?

Answer 7

capillary tissue gas exchange occurring in the organs and tissues

Question 8

How do chemoreceptors affect oxygenation?

Answer 8

detect pH, O2, and CO2 and send messages to medulla to increase ventilation when pco2 rises

Question 9

What do lung receptors do to affect ventilation?

Answer 9

sensitive to breathing patterns, lung expansion, lung compliance, airway resistance, and respiratory irritants

Question 10

What factors affect pulmonary function?

Answer 10

• growth and development (RDS, URI, adolescent smoking, cardiac insufficiency)
• environment (stress, allergies)
• lifestyle (nutrition, exercise, substance abuse, pregnancy, smoking)
• medications (respiratory depressants)

Question 11

What does smoking do to the pulmonary system?

Answer 11

• constricts bronchioles
• increases fluid secretion into airways
• paralyzes cilia

Question 12

What are some upper respiratory infections?

Answer 12

• cold (nonspecific virus)
• rhinosinusitis (inflammation of nasal and sinus)
• pharyngitis (sore throat, strep)
• influenza (often involves lower airways)

Question 13

What are some lower respiratory infections?

Answer 13

• respiratory syncytial virus (upper and lower airways, severe in the young and old)
• acute bronchitis (infection of bronchi leads to coughing and airway obstruction, yellow/green sputum is bacterial and nonproductive is viral)
• tuberculosis (mycobacterium tuberculosis can occur anywhere in the body)

Question 14

How to assess oxygenation status?

Answer 14

• breathing pattern
• respiratory effort
• sputum samples, tb test
• pulse oximetry
• capnography
• spirometry
• ABGs
• Peak flow monitoring

Question 15

What does saO2?

Answer 15

the arterial blood oxygen saturation

-percentage of hemoglobin carrying oxygen

Question 16

What does capnography measure?

Answer 16

co2 in inhaled and exhaled air

-indirectly measures the partial pressure of co2 in arterial blood

Question 17

What are po2 and pco2?

Answer 17

po2- amount of oxygen available to combine with hemoglobin

pco2- amount of co2 dissolved in the blood (normal 35-45mmHg)

Question 18

What is peak flow and why is it used?

Answer 18

Peak Expiratory Flow Rate measures the amount of air that can be expelled with force
-used for patients with asthma to detect changes before symptoms occur

Question 19

What are nursing diagnosis that relate to oxygenation?

Answer 19

• ineffective airway clearance
• ineffective breathing pattern
• impaired gas exchange
• impaired spontaneous ventilation
• dysfunctional ventilatory weaning response
• risk for aspiration

Question 20

What medications are used for respiratory problems?

Answer 20

• bronchodilators
• corticosteroids
• cough suppressants
• expectorants
• decongestants

Question 21

Who is incentive spirometry used most for?

Answer 21

• risk of developing atelectasis or pneumonia
• abdominal, chest, or pelvic surgery
• prolonged bedrest

Question 22

What are some low-flow oxygen-delivering systems?

Answer 22

-nasal cannula
-simple face mask
rebreather mask

Question 23

What are some high-flow oxygen-delivering systems?

Answer 23

• able to reach 100% oxygen concentration
• venturi mask
• aerosol face mask
• face tent
• tracheostomy collars

Question 24

Best way to obtain a sputum sample?

Answer 24

• on arising in morning
• rinse mouth
• breathe deeply
• cough, not spit

Question 25

Who is an oropharyngeal airway for? How to measure?

Answer 25

• unconscious bc it can trigger gag in pts awake

- front of teeth to jawline can be used to find correct size

Question 26

Who is a nasopharyngeal airway for?

Answer 26

• semiconscious

- flexible rubber tube inserted through nostril into pharynx

Question 27

When is suctioning appropriate?

Answer 27

• when the pt is too weak to generate a productive cough

- can be oral or nasal, most patients prefer oral