Oxygenation Flashcards
What is the term that refers to how well the cells, tissues, and organs of the body are supplied with oxygen?
oxygenation
What is respiration?
exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen through the alveolar and capillary membranes
What is ventilation?
movement of air into/out of the lungs
What is lung compliance and what things decrease it?
ease of lung inflation
decreased by: edema, loss of surfactant, or disorders causing the replacement of elastin with collagen
What is lung elasticity and what things decrease it?
elastin fibers return to their original position
decreased by: emphysema inhibits deflation
What is external respiration?
alveolar capillary gas exchange occurring in the lungs
What is internal respiration?
capillary tissue gas exchange occurring in the organs and tissues
How do chemoreceptors affect oxygenation?
detect pH, O2, and CO2 and send messages to medulla to increase ventilation when pco2 rises
What do lung receptors do to affect ventilation?
sensitive to breathing patterns, lung expansion, lung compliance, airway resistance, and respiratory irritants
What factors affect pulmonary function?
- growth and development (RDS, URI, adolescent smoking, cardiac insufficiency)
- environment (stress, allergies)
- lifestyle (nutrition, exercise, substance abuse, pregnancy, smoking)
- medications (respiratory depressants)
What does smoking do to the pulmonary system?
- constricts bronchioles
- increases fluid secretion into airways
- paralyzes cilia
What are some upper respiratory infections?
- cold (nonspecific virus)
- rhinosinusitis (inflammation of nasal and sinus)
- pharyngitis (sore throat, strep)
- influenza (often involves lower airways)
What are some lower respiratory infections?
- respiratory syncytial virus (upper and lower airways, severe in the young and old)
- acute bronchitis (infection of bronchi leads to coughing and airway obstruction, yellow/green sputum is bacterial and nonproductive is viral)
- tuberculosis (mycobacterium tuberculosis can occur anywhere in the body)
How to assess oxygenation status?
- breathing pattern
- respiratory effort
- sputum samples, tb test
- pulse oximetry
- capnography
- spirometry
- ABGs
- Peak flow monitoring
What does saO2?
the arterial blood oxygen saturation
-percentage of hemoglobin carrying oxygen
What does capnography measure?
co2 in inhaled and exhaled air
-indirectly measures the partial pressure of co2 in arterial blood
What are po2 and pco2?
po2- amount of oxygen available to combine with hemoglobin
pco2- amount of co2 dissolved in the blood (normal 35-45mmHg)
What is peak flow and why is it used?
Peak Expiratory Flow Rate measures the amount of air that can be expelled with force
-used for patients with asthma to detect changes before symptoms occur
What are nursing diagnosis that relate to oxygenation?
- ineffective airway clearance
- ineffective breathing pattern
- impaired gas exchange
- impaired spontaneous ventilation
- dysfunctional ventilatory weaning response
- risk for aspiration
What medications are used for respiratory problems?
- bronchodilators
- corticosteroids
- cough suppressants
- expectorants
- decongestants
Who is incentive spirometry used most for?
- risk of developing atelectasis or pneumonia
- abdominal, chest, or pelvic surgery
- prolonged bedrest
What are some low-flow oxygen-delivering systems?
-nasal cannula
-simple face mask
rebreather mask
What are some high-flow oxygen-delivering systems?
- able to reach 100% oxygen concentration
- venturi mask
- aerosol face mask
- face tent
- tracheostomy collars
Best way to obtain a sputum sample?
- on arising in morning
- rinse mouth
- breathe deeply
- cough, not spit
Who is an oropharyngeal airway for? How to measure?
- unconscious bc it can trigger gag in pts awake
- front of teeth to jawline can be used to find correct size
Who is a nasopharyngeal airway for?
- semiconscious
- flexible rubber tube inserted through nostril into pharynx
When is suctioning appropriate?
- when the pt is too weak to generate a productive cough
- can be oral or nasal, most patients prefer oral
