Pain (3)

Question 1

Anethesia

Answer 1

loss of sensation

Question 2

Hyper-esthesia

Answer 2

generalized increased sensation

Ex: allodynia = pain with light touch

Question 3

Dysesthesia

Answer 3

Abnormal sensation

Ex: causalgia = burning pain

Question 4

paraesthesia

Answer 4

tingling

Question 5

hypoesthesia

Answer 5

generalized decreased sensation

Question 6

“Where Pathway” is associated with which tract?

Answer 6

spinothalamic pathway

Question 7

Fxn of the “what are you going to do about it” pathway?

Answer 7

coveys poorly localized, aching, second, slow, protopathic pain to widespread areas of the cortex

Question 8

What physiological response is associated with “what are you going to do about it” pathway?

Answer 8

Affects arousal, autonomic and limbic systems.

Question 9

Both pathways: 1st order neuron synapses in the _________.

Answer 9

dorsal horn

Question 10

Effects of nociception?

Answer 10

Overall increase in CNS arousal
Increased sympathetic tone
Increased alpha motor neuron excitability

Question 11

__________ pain could be soft tissue damage, muscle, chemo irritant etc

Answer 11

Peripheral

Question 12

________ pain arises when nervous tissue dsyfunctions.

Answer 12

Neuropathic

Question 13

With ________ pain peripheral cause of the pain may or may not any longer exist.

Answer 13

chronic

Question 14

What can lower threshold of receptors contributing to chronic pain?

Answer 14

Chronic stimulation

Question 15

Neuronal damage in which case mechanosensitive and chemosensitive sodium channels that are inserted in demyelinated portions of the membrane is called:

Answer 15

extopic foci

Question 16

Pain from nerve injury or synaptic reorganization is classified as

Answer 16

Neuropathic Chronic Pain

Question 17

“Cross Talk” between neurons in areas of demyelinization is known as

Answer 17

ephatic transmission

Action potentials in touch neuron can cause AP’s in pain neuron.

Question 18

Intense signaling from the periphery can induce the increased sensitivity due to upregulation of transmitters and receptors in a process called

Answer 18

central sensitization

maladaptive response to chronic pain

Question 19

Touch may be perceived as pain due to collaterals connecting with pain transmission cells in what process?

Answer 19

structural reorganization

Question 20

__________ influence from higher centers to spinal cord are reduced.

Answer 20

anti-nociceptive

Question 21

__________ influence from higher centers to spinal cord are increased.

Answer 21

pro-nociception

Question 22

__________ is a situation where the spinal cord may get “confused” as the to actual source of the pain and it can be “felt” in an area that is not the source of the painful stimulus

Answer 22

referred pain

Question 23

Which axons both converge on the same pain transmission neuron in the spinal cord with referred pain?

Answer 23

Cutaneous and visceral afferents

Question 24

What molecule is involved in the upregulation neurotransmitters involved in pain?

Answer 24

BH4

Question 25

What percent of pain thresholds are inherited?

Answer 25

50%

Question 26

Touch receptors synapse with enkephalin producing interneurons in dorsal horn in which theory? What do interneurons do?

Answer 26

counter irritant theory

interneurons inhibit pain transmission cells!

Question 27

What system is described below?
Collaterals from the ascending pain pathways activate descending projections from brainstem can inhibit pain transmission neuron through interneurons.

Answer 27

Descending Anti-Nociceptive Systems

Question 28

Descending Anti-Nociceptive Systems use which endogenous opiate neurotransmitters?

Answer 28

enkephalins/endorphins

Question 29

What morphine antagonist reverses analgesias related to enkephalins/endorphins?

Answer 29

Naloxone

Question 30

Supersensitizing pain (ie: ankle sprain) is related to what system?

Answer 30

peripheral pro-nociception mechanisms

Question 31

Chronic stress and depression lead to what central mechanisms?

Answer 31

increased pronociception