pain

Question 1

transduction, transmission, perception and modulation of pain definition

Answer 1

1. TRANSDUCTION
   Noxious (potentially harmful) stimuli translated into electrical activity at sensory nerve endings

TRANSMISSION
Propagation of impulses along pain pathways

PERCEPTION
Discrimination/ affect / motivation

MODULATION
Positive and negative modulation occurs

Question 2

difference between pain and nociception

Answer 2

Pain is created in the brain in response to nociception - must have emotional element

The activation of neurons to encode noxious stimuli

Question 3

capsaicin activates…

Answer 3

TRPV1

Question 4

trpv1 can be activated by

Answer 4

capsaicin or heat

Question 5

trpm8 can be activated by

Answer 5

cool or menthol

Question 6

which neurones are nociceptibe

Answer 6

C and A delta

Question 7

nav 1.7 mutations consequences (2)

Answer 7

Congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP): loss of function
Inherited erythromelalgia (IE): gain of function

Question 8

Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA): which mutatation

Answer 8

TRKa

Question 9

C and A delta synapse where in dorsal horn

Answer 9

Laminae 1 and 2

Question 10

what neurones soft touch

Answer 10

A beta

Question 11

what is different between A delta and C synapse pattern

Answer 11

C has interneurone

Question 12

where do A beta synapse in the dorsal horn

Answer 12

laminae 3-5

Question 13

where do first order spinothalamic neurones decussate

Answer 13

anterior comissure

Question 14

where is the emotional part of pain derived

Answer 14

Anterior cingulate cortex

Question 15

where do lateral 3rd order spinothalamic neurones go

Answer 15

mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus (MDvc) which innervates anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) [emotion/motivation].
2- posterior thalamus (VPI and VMpo) which innervates the rostral insula [emotion, unpleasantness].

Question 16

where do anterior 3rd order spinothalamic neurones go

Answer 16

the ventral posterior lateral (VPL) and ventral posterior inferior (VPI) nucleus of the thalamus.

Question 17

which is the neospinothalamic tract

Answer 17

lateral

Question 18

which 3 areas are most important in descendin pain modulation

Answer 18

PAG
locus coeruleus
rapphe nucleus

Question 19

the raphe nucleus is in the

Answer 19

RVM

Question 20

locus ceruleus and raphe nucleus are involved in descending pain modulation. how

Answer 20

serotonin and noradrenaline inhibit incoming nociceptive signal in dorsal horn by activiating inhibitory interneurone

Question 21

allodynia vs hyperalgesai

Answer 21

Allodynia: a condition where pain is caused by a non-noxious (non-painful) stimulus (e.g. tickle with a feather).

Hyperalgesia: a condition where an abnormal increased pain sensitivity is caused by a noxious (painful) stimulus (e.g. hot water on sunburn).

Question 22

the pain synapse is ….ergic

Answer 22

glatamate

Question 23

which are the most common overexpresseed glutamatergic receptors in pain synapses

Answer 23

NMDA AMPA

Question 24

what is parallel transmission in pain PNS called

Answer 24

ephaptic transmissino