alzheimers Flashcards
histological signs alzheimers
plaques and neurofibrillar tangles
which neurones are lost in alzheimers
cholinergic
what is in alzheimers plaques and where are they
insoluble extracellular deposits of ß-amyloid peptide (Aß) in brain and brain blood vessel walls
what are neurofibrillary tangles made of
tau protein
what pathology comes first and second in Alzheimers
β‑amyloid (Aβ) deposition precedes
neurofibrillary and neuritic changes
which mutations in early onset dementia, whcih chromosomes
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) 21
Presenilin 1 (PSEN1) 14
Presenilin 2 (PSEN2 chr 1
which gene codes for Tau, which chromosome
MAPT 17
does MAPT mutation cause early onset dementia
no
what can result of MAPT mutation be
frontotemporal dementia and other tauopathies
Amyloid precursor protein is cleaved in different ways, one fo which is pathogenic. Which enzymes are involved in this cleavage, and what is the toxic product
gamma-secretase and beta-secretase
Amyloid Beta (40 and 42, with 42 being the worst)
which Apolipoprotein is bad news re Alzheimers - why
ApoE4, reduced clearance of extracellular Amyloid Beta
what is the cause of neurofibrillary tangles
hyperphosphorylation of Tau
what is ACh made of and what enzyme makes it. what relevance to alzherimers dementia
Acetyl CoA, choline
Choline Acetyltransferase (CHAT)
CHAT transcription severely diminished in Alzheimers
Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors drugs and what pathology
donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine
Alzheimers
what tx mild to moderate alzheimers
Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors
donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine
side effects of ., donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine
., loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, diarrhea
tx for moderate to severe alzheimers. MOA
memantine - low affinity NMDA receptor antagonist
decreases glutamate neurotoxicity
semantic
episodic
explicit
medial temporal
implicit
procedural
associative
most common cause of early onset alzheimers
PSEN1 mutation
what makes the link between the two hallmarks of alzeimers
GSK3 (glycogen synthase kinase 3), one of the main Tau kinases
what is iconic and echoic memory
= sensory memory
echoic 10 s immeidate audio memory
iconic very short visual 3ms
how is read information stored
as sounds - audial working memory
visuospatial are relies on which hemispheres
both
audial working memory relies on which hemisphere
left
which brodmann areas involved in the visuospatial working memory
where is central executive processor
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
brodman number broca’s area
44
name of inability to form new memories
anterograde amnesia
what is loss of old memories
retrograde amnesia
what is Ribot’s law
in amnesia, the newest memories are lost first
which area of the brain is key to the formation of new long-term memories
hippocampal gyrus
what do you find in meningioma histology
Spindle cells in concentric whorls, calcified psammoma bodies
subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord, which tracts
dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal tracts and spinocerebellar tracts..
lateral vs anterior cst
The lateral corticospinal tract sends fibers predominantly to the extremity muscles, and the cortical innervation is contralateral, in other words, the left motor cortex controls the right extremities. The anterior corticospinal tract sends fibers mainly to the trunk or axial muscles.
