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Medical Pathophysiology > Pain 1 > Flashcards

Pain 1 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what is the dura mater?

A

tough outer layer of skull

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2
Q

what is arachnoid layer?

A

middle spider wed layer of skull

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3
Q

what is Pia mater?

A

soft inside of skull

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4
Q

what are the 4 stages of pain perception?

A

transduction, transmission, perception, modulation

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5
Q

what is transmission of pain?

A

pain impulses from site of tissue damage along nerve fibres in dorsal roots to the brain

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6
Q

what is perception of pain?

A

the pain signal reaching the sensory cortex in the brain

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7
Q

what is modulation of pain signal?

A

relaying of motor signal in response via the ventral route

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8
Q

what do nociceptors respond to?

A

to a noxious stimulus or one that would become noxious if prolonged

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9
Q

what is a noxious stimulus?

A

one that is damaging to tissues

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10
Q

what are the types of noxious stimulus?

A

chemical, thermal or mechanical

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11
Q

what is stimulated by chemical triggers?

A

polymodal nociceptors on C fibres

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12
Q

what is stimulated by thermal triggers?

A

high threshold mechanothermal receptors on A-delta neurones and polymodal receptors

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13
Q

what is stimulated by mechanical triggers?

A

polymodal, mechanothermal and high threshold mechanoreceptors on A delta neurones

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14
Q

what is the process of non-noxious stimuli?

A

activate low threshold receptors, sends signals via afferent pathways to CNS and processed as innocuous

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15
Q

what is the process of a noxious stimuli?

A

activates low and high threshold receptors and nociceptors which activates specific pathway. and processed as physiological pain

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16
Q

what is the spinothalamic tract?

A

spine to the thalamus

17
Q

what is the spinoreticular tract?

A

connects spine to reticular formation

18
Q

what happens when the signal reaches the thalamus?

A

it acts as a sensory relay centre and causes further connections

19
Q

where are nerve impulses transmitted past the thalamus?

A

to hypothalamus, limbic system and somatosensory cortex

20
Q

what type of response is hypothalamus responsible for?

A

stress response

21
Q

what type of response is the limbic system responsible for?

A

emotional response

22
Q

what is the somatosensory cortex response used for?

A

to localise pain

23
Q

what are the features of C fibres?

A

small and unmyelinated

24
Q

what are the features of A fibres?

A

largest fibres, myelinated, are alpha/beta/gamma

25
Q

how is fast pain caused?

A

stimulated of high threshold thermomechanical nociceptors

26
Q

what fibres conduct fast pain?

A

A delta fibres

27
Q

how is slow pain caused?

A

activation of high threshold polymodal pain receptors

28
Q

what type of fibres conduct slow pain?

A

C fibres

Medical Pathophysiology (16 decks)

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