CV Part 3 - The Heart Flashcards
what are the 3 layers of the heart?
epicardium, myocardium and endocardium
what is pericarditis?
inflammation of the pericardium
what are the causes of pericarditis?
tumours, autoimmune conditions, viruses/bacteria, uraemia, some drugs
how is pericarditis diagnosed?
ECG, chest x-ray, echocardiogram or an ultrasound
what effects does pericarditis have on contraction?
friction when contracting, scratching sound, more work for the heart and coughing/shortness of breath
how can pericarditis cause coughing?
less blood through the heart and so build up of blood causing a pulmonary oedema
what is a cardiac tamponade?
accumulation of fluid or blood between 2 layers of the pericardium
how are cardiac tamponades triggered?
cancer, injury, infections or kidney failure
what effects does a tamponade have on the heart?
puts pressure on heart and prevents adequate filling reducing the CO
what is a paradoxical pulse?
weakens when breathing in and strengthens when breathing out causing changes in intrathoracic pressure
what symptoms does endocarditis have?
malaise, flu, anorexia, night sweats, back ache, heart murmur
how can endocarditis cause more serious problems?
can trigger embolisation, strokes or isachaemic limb pain
what is infective endocarditis?
microbial colonisation of endocardium
what usually causes infective endocarditis?
a common species of bacterium
what structural changes occurs with infective endocarditis?
causes fast turbulent blood flow, causes thrombi to form
what kind of bacteriums make infection more likely?
those that can adhere easily
what is mitral stenosis?
narrowing of the mitral valve causing reduced filling of ventricle
what is mitral regurgitation?
mitral valve does not close properly and so becomes leaky when contraction occurs and so back flow into atria
what can cause contractibility of myocardium to decrease?
ischaemia, infections, tumours, endocrine diseases, toxins, connective tissue diseases
what is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
increase in the size of the organ without an increase in the number of cells
what structural changes does hypertrophic cardiomyopathy cause?
causes ventricle to get smaller and so obstructs blood flow in diastole, causes ischaemia of the heart, narrowing of aorta
what is dilated cardiomyopathy?
cardiac enlargement and reduced contraction of one or both ventricles
what serious conditions can dilated cardiomyopathy cause?
heart failure, thromboembolism formation and arrhythmia
what are the 3 mechanisms of reduced SV in dilated cardiomyopathy?
excessive stretching, arrythmias and death of heart tissue
what problems are created with dilated cardiomyopathy?
back up go blood and problems with forward flow, stasis of blood in the dilated ventricle
what is restricted cardiomyopathy?
heart wall becomes less pliable preventing filling of the heart and reduced CO
what is obliterative cardiomyopathy?
pieces of the heart become thickened and so volume of heart chambers decreased
what effect does a rapid HR have?
causes inadequate filling
what does a very slow HR have?
reduces output to tissues
what is a cause of a cardiac arrhythmia?
a myocardial infarction
what causes a MI?
loss of blood supply causing death of heart tissue, coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis of coronary artery
