CV Part 3 - The Heart

Question 1

what are the 3 layers of the heart?

Answer 1

epicardium, myocardium and endocardium

Question 2

what is pericarditis?

Answer 2

inflammation of the pericardium

Question 3

what are the causes of pericarditis?

Answer 3

tumours, autoimmune conditions, viruses/bacteria, uraemia, some drugs

Question 4

how is pericarditis diagnosed?

Answer 4

ECG, chest x-ray, echocardiogram or an ultrasound

Question 5

what effects does pericarditis have on contraction?

Answer 5

friction when contracting, scratching sound, more work for the heart and coughing/shortness of breath

Question 6

how can pericarditis cause coughing?

Answer 6

less blood through the heart and so build up of blood causing a pulmonary oedema

Question 7

what is a cardiac tamponade?

Answer 7

accumulation of fluid or blood between 2 layers of the pericardium

Question 8

how are cardiac tamponades triggered?

Answer 8

cancer, injury, infections or kidney failure

Question 9

what effects does a tamponade have on the heart?

Answer 9

puts pressure on heart and prevents adequate filling reducing the CO

Question 10

what is a paradoxical pulse?

Answer 10

weakens when breathing in and strengthens when breathing out causing changes in intrathoracic pressure

Question 11

what symptoms does endocarditis have?

Answer 11

malaise, flu, anorexia, night sweats, back ache, heart murmur

Question 12

how can endocarditis cause more serious problems?

Answer 12

can trigger embolisation, strokes or isachaemic limb pain

Question 13

what is infective endocarditis?

Answer 13

microbial colonisation of endocardium

Question 14

what usually causes infective endocarditis?

Answer 14

a common species of bacterium

Question 15

what structural changes occurs with infective endocarditis?

Answer 15

causes fast turbulent blood flow, causes thrombi to form

Question 16

what kind of bacteriums make infection more likely?

Answer 16

those that can adhere easily

Question 17

what is mitral stenosis?

Answer 17

narrowing of the mitral valve causing reduced filling of ventricle

Question 18

what is mitral regurgitation?

Answer 18

mitral valve does not close properly and so becomes leaky when contraction occurs and so back flow into atria

Question 19

what can cause contractibility of myocardium to decrease?

Answer 19

ischaemia, infections, tumours, endocrine diseases, toxins, connective tissue diseases

Question 20

what is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

Answer 20

increase in the size of the organ without an increase in the number of cells

Question 21

what structural changes does hypertrophic cardiomyopathy cause?

Answer 21

causes ventricle to get smaller and so obstructs blood flow in diastole, causes ischaemia of the heart, narrowing of aorta

Question 22

what is dilated cardiomyopathy?

Answer 22

cardiac enlargement and reduced contraction of one or both ventricles

Question 23

what serious conditions can dilated cardiomyopathy cause?

Answer 23

heart failure, thromboembolism formation and arrhythmia

Question 24

what are the 3 mechanisms of reduced SV in dilated cardiomyopathy?

Answer 24

excessive stretching, arrythmias and death of heart tissue

Question 25

what problems are created with dilated cardiomyopathy?

Answer 25

back up go blood and problems with forward flow, stasis of blood in the dilated ventricle

Question 26

what is restricted cardiomyopathy?

Answer 26

heart wall becomes less pliable preventing filling of the heart and reduced CO

Question 27

what is obliterative cardiomyopathy?

Answer 27

pieces of the heart become thickened and so volume of heart chambers decreased

Question 28

what effect does a rapid HR have?

Answer 28

causes inadequate filling

Question 29

what does a very slow HR have?

Answer 29

reduces output to tissues

Question 30

what is a cause of a cardiac arrhythmia?

Answer 30

a myocardial infarction

Question 31

what causes a MI?

Answer 31

loss of blood supply causing death of heart tissue, coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis of coronary artery