Cytology

Question 1

how long might a cytopatholoigical procedure last?

Answer 1

5 mins to 2 hours

Question 2

how long does a diagnosis using cytopathology take?

Answer 2

minutes to 24 hours

Question 3

how is a cytology sample taken?

Answer 3

using a fine needle

Question 4

what basic stains are used in cytology?

Answer 4

PAP and H&E

Question 5

how are cytology samples analysed in a lab?

Answer 5

slide and or paraffin block

Question 6

how is a histopathology sample taken?

Answer 6

using a large needed and forceps

Question 7

how long does a histopathological sample take to obtain?

Answer 7

30 mins to 2 hours

Question 8

how long does histopathological diagnosis take?

Answer 8

24 - 48 hours

Question 9

where is aspiration performed?

Answer 9

all superficial lumps

Question 10

how might body cavities be used for biopsies?

Answer 10

samples taken from one of 3 layers of body cavity, or from fluid from cavity

Question 11

what can body cavity biopsies be analysed for?

Answer 11

cytological changes and presence of biochemical markers

Question 12

what is choice of stain influenced by?

Answer 12

cell type being analysed and pathology that is being looked for

Question 13

what are the immunocytochemistry targets?

Answer 13

cytoplasmic targets, nuclear targets, cell membranes, lipids, proteins

Question 14

what is the downside of fixation?

Answer 14

can change the immunocytochemical staining

Question 15

how can staining be used to identify replicating cells?

Answer 15

antinuclear protein marker in red and chemical staining of DNA in blue allows division of cells to be seen

Question 16

what is the most common method of analysing at sub-cellular level?

Answer 16

fluoresce and immunohistochemistry

Question 17

what is necrosis?

Answer 17

unplanned and irreversible damage to the cell

Question 18

what is apoptosis?

Answer 18

regulated cell death

Question 19

how is detection of cancer cells increased?

Answer 19

cancer cell lose cohesive properties and so encourages shedding from tissue surfaces for detection

Question 20

why might tumours suddenly shrink?

Answer 20

outstrips its own blood supply

Question 21

what is a unique property of a malignant tumour?

Answer 21

its ability to metastasise

Question 22

what is cancer metastasis?

Answer 22

involves the invasion of malignant cells into surrounding tissues

Question 23

what is invasiveness of malignant cells related to?

Answer 23

mechanical pressure of growth, motility of malignant cells and the enzymes produced by the malignant cells

Question 24

what is the structure of HPV?

Answer 24

small DNA virus

Question 25

what is the mechanical function of the HPV virus?

Answer 25

injects DNA into host cell DNA

Question 26

how can HPV cause production of cancer?

Answer 26

persistent infection leads to cells becoming damaged and pre-cancerous

Question 27

what are the categories of HPV infection?

Answer 27

high risk causing intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive cancer and non high risk causing genital warts

Question 28

what is the purpose of the NHS cervical screening programme?

Answer 28

reduce indidence and mortality of cervical cancer by detecting and treating potentially cancerous lesions in the cervix

Question 29

what are the early detection sings of cells becoming cancerous?

Answer 29

borderline lesions, atypical epithelium, group III lesions and dysplasia