1 Endocrine System

Question 1

what is paracrine communication?

Answer 1

products of secretion affects neighbouring cells

Question 2

what is exocrine secretion?

Answer 2

products of secretion released into a body cavity

Question 3

what is the main feature of endocrine glands?

Answer 3

ductless glands

Question 4

what forms can hormones come in?

Answer 4

proteins, polypeptides or lipids

Question 5

what examples of hormones are at constant levels?

Answer 5

thyroid hormones

Question 6

what is an example of a hormone that is at a variable level?

Answer 6

hormones such as epinephrine

Question 7

what is an example of a cyclic level hormone?

Answer 7

reproductive hormones

Question 8

what are amine hormones?

Answer 8

derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine

Question 9

what are examples of amine hormones?

Answer 9

dopamine, T3 or T4

Question 10

what are peptide hormones?

Answer 10

the majority of hormones, may also serve as neurotransmitters

Question 11

what are steroid hormones?

Answer 11

produced by the adrenal cortex and the gonads

Question 12

what are examples of steroid hormones?

Answer 12

cortisol or oestrogen

Question 13

how can hormones travel in the blood?

Answer 13

water soluble hormones travel dissolved in plasma, there circulate in the blood bound to plasma proteins

Question 14

how are hormones broken down?

Answer 14

either excreted by kidneys or metabolised in blood or target cells

Question 15

what is up regulation?

Answer 15

a low concentration of a hormone is compensated for by an increase in number of receptors

Question 16

what is down regulation?

Answer 16

a high concentration of hormone compensated for by a reduction in number of receptors

Question 17

what is antagonism?

Answer 17

a hormone reducing the number of receptors available for a second hormone resulting in decreased effectiveness of the second hormone

Question 18

what is permissiveness?

Answer 18

a hormone increasing receptors available for second hormone making it more effective

Question 19

what are catechalomines?

Answer 19

hormones made by the adrenal gland

Question 20

where are receptors for peptide hormones and catecholamines found?

Answer 20

on extracellular surface of plasma membranes

Question 21

where are receptors for steroid and thyroid hormones found?

Answer 21

mainly on intracellular surface of the membrane or nucleus due to being lipid soluble

Question 22

what action can a hormone binding to a receptor have?

Answer 22

open ion channels, enzyme activity, activity of kinases, turn on genes for second messengers

Question 23

what does the anterior pituitary control?

Answer 23

functions of endocrine glands

Question 24

what are the 5 main cell types of the anterior pituitary?

Answer 24

gonadotroph, lactotroph, somatotropin, corticotroph, thyrotroph

Question 25

what do gonadotrophs secrete?

Answer 25

LH, FSH

Question 26

what do somatotropin secrete?

Answer 26

somatostatin and growth hormone

Question 27

what do corticotrophs secrete?

Answer 27

ACHT

Question 28

what do thyrotrophs secrete?

Answer 28

thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 29

what hormones are secreted by anterior in response to hypothalamus?

Answer 29

ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH and LH

Question 30

what hormones are stored in the posterior?

Answer 30

MSH, Oxytocin and ADH

Question 31

what is the difference between the anterior and posterior pituitary?

Answer 31

anterior is under control via hypothalamus, yet posterior carries out direct release of hormones

Question 32

how does negative feedback occur in hypothalamus control?

Answer 32

the tissue targeted by the pituitary produces a hormone that causes inhibition of the hypothalamus to stop production