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Medical Pathophysiology > Neuropathology > Flashcards

Neuropathology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

how many cranial nerves are there?

A

12 nerves

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2
Q

how many spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

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3
Q

how is information passed from spinal cord to brain?

A

via ascending pathways

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4
Q

how is information passed from brain to peripheral nervous system?

A

via descending pathways

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5
Q

where about are sensory signals sent?

A

towards the brain

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6
Q

where about are motor signals sent?

A

to the peripheral nervous system in response to a signal

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7
Q

what is white matter?

A

myelinated nerve fibres

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8
Q

what is grey matter?

A

nerve bodies, dendrites, neuralgia and unmyelinated axons

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9
Q

what kind of matter is in the spinal cord?

A

grey and white matter

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10
Q

what is the dorsal horn?

A

afferent sensory roots and ganglia

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11
Q

what is the ventral horn?

A

efferent motor roots

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12
Q

what is 6th nerve palsy?

A

controls muscle control on outside of the eye

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13
Q

what are examples of CNS disorders?

A

alzheimers, epilipsy, strokes, parkinsons

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14
Q

what is the prosencephalon?

A

the forebrain

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15
Q

what is the mesencephalon?

A

midbrain

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16
Q

what is the rhombencephalon?

A

hindbrain

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17
Q

what is the brainstem responsible for?

A

autonomic survival functions

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18
Q

what is the medulla responsible for?

A

controls heartbeat and breathing and receives sensory inputs

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19
Q

what nerves does the MO output too?

A

cranial nerves VIII - XII

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20
Q

where is the pons located?

A

above the medulla

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21
Q

what does the pons contain?

A

transverse axons that connect the right and left cerebellum

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22
Q

how does the pons regulate breathing?

A

contains pneumotaxic and apneuestic areas

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23
Q

what cranial nerves does the pons contain?

A

V - VIII

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24
Q

what is the role of the reticular formation?

A

widespread connections such as arousal of the brain as a whole and responding to visual and audio signals

25
Q

what is the reticular activating system?

A

maintains consciousness and alertness

26
Q

where is the thalamus located?

A

top of the brainstem

27
Q

what is the role of the thalamus?

A

receives messages the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits to cerebellum and medulla

28
Q

what is the role of the cerebellum?

A

helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance

29
Q

what is the function of the limbic system?

A

deals with basic drives, emotions and memory

30
Q

what areas does the limbic system consist of?

A

hypothalamus, pituitary, amygdala and hippocampus

31
Q

where is limbic system located?

A

below the thalamus

32
Q

what is the role of the limbic system?

A

governs endocrine system via pituitary gland

33
Q

what is the hippocampus responsible for?

A

memory processing

34
Q

what is amygdala responsible for?

A

fight and flight as linked to emotion and fear

35
Q

what does the amygdala look like?

A

2 almond shaped clusters

36
Q

what emotions are regulated by hypothalamus?

A

hunger, thirst, body temperature, pleasure

37
Q

what are the different lobes of the cerebral cortex?

A

frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal

38
Q

what are the functions of frontal lobe?

A

motor actions

39
Q

what is the function of parietal lobe?

A

sensory cortex

40
Q

what is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

visual cortex, receive information from visual field

41
Q

what is the function of temporal lobe?

A

auditory cortex

42
Q

what does the central sulcus separate?

A

frontal and parietal lobe

43
Q

what is aphasia?

A

impairment of language usually due to damage in Brocas area and Wernickes area

44
Q

what is Brocas area?

A

area to the left frontal lobe that directs muscle movement and speech

45
Q

what is Wernicke’s area?

A

area to left temporal lobe controlling comprehension and expression

46
Q

what is the corpus collosum?

A

bundle of nerve fibres connecting two hemispheres

47
Q

what does the left side of the brain control?

A

language, detail and literal meanings

48
Q

what does the right side of the brain control?

A

spatial perception, overall picture, contexts

49
Q

what is contra-lateral division of labour?

A

right hemisphere controls left side of body and vice versa

50
Q

what is a callotomy?

A

cutting through the corpus callosum

51
Q

what is sensation?

A

CNS receiving inputs via sensory neurons

52
Q

what is perception?

A

brain interprets sensory information

53
Q

what is absolute threshold?

A

minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus with 50% accuracy

54
Q

what is subliminal stimulation?

A

it is below threshold yet may effect behaviour without conscious awareness

55
Q

what is sensory adaptation?

A

diminished sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus

56
Q

what kind of stimulus is vision?

A

electromagnetic

57
Q

what kind of stimulus is hearing?

A

mechanical

58
Q

what part of the body controls taste?

A

gustatory insular cortex

59
Q

what part of the body regulates smell?

A

olfactory bulb and orbifrontal cortex

Medical Pathophysiology (16 decks)

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