CV Pathophysiology 1 Flashcards
what are the predisposing factors of CV disease?
physcial inactivity, tobacco use and unhealthy diet
what things effect cardiac pumping ability?
pacemaking electrical signal, force of contraction
what things can go wrong with cardiac pumping ability?
heart failures, heart attacks, angina and arrhythmia’s
what things effect integrity of vasculature?
heamorrhages and aneurysms
what things can go wrong in blood function?
thrombosis and embolisms
what disease effects all aspects of the circulatory system?
hypertension
what is the innermost layer of blood vessels?
tunica intima
what is the middle layer of blood vessels?
tunica media
what is the outermost layer of the blood vessels?
tunica externa
what is the composition of the tunica intima?
endothelium, basement membrane and internal elastic lamina
what is the structure of the tunica media?
elastic fibres and smooth muscle to allow for stretching and contracting
what is the composition of muscular arteries?
larger amounts of smooth muscle cells in the tunica media
what is the composition of veins?
elastic fibres and collagen in the tunica media
what does the tunica externa consist of?
outermost layer of elastic tissue and collagen
what is the lumen like in an artery?
narrow
what is the structure of capillaries?
one layer in cell wall, high gas exchange, very fragile and fine
what are the predisposing factors of cardiac failure?
hypertension or atherosclerosis
what happens to an artery when atherosclerosis occurs?
loss of elasticity, hardening and thickening of walls and narrowing of lumen
what are the non-modifiable factors?
age, gender, genetics
what are the modifiable factors?
hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, infections
how does the process of atherosclerosis occur?
damage to endothelium causing change in vessel permeability, migration of smooth muscle cells causes an accumulation of lipids causing formation of a mature plaque
what issues can atherosclerosis cause?
formation of aneurysms, thrombosis or embolisms, angina, heart attacks
what is a TIA?
transient ischaemic attack and a cerebral vascular accident
how is atherosclerosis treated?
statins, angioplasty, stents
what is secondary hypertension?
increased blood pressure due to another disease such as kidney disease causing increased volume, adrenal gland tumours causing BP to increase
what is an abnormally high blood pressure?
140mmHg over 90mmHg
what is the BP equation?
BP = CO x TPR
how is blood pressure controlled?
kidneys control fluid levels, effectiveness of the heart, contraction/relaxation of blood vessels, distribution of blood in the body
what are the risk factors of hypertension?
high sodium levels, alcohol intake and stress
