pages 153-154, 189-195, 221-227 Flashcards
why are securely attached infants more likely to become secure toddlers, socially competent preschoolers, high-achieving schoolchildren, and capable parents?
because attachment affects early brain development
- however, status may switch depending on family circumstances, like divorce, abuse, or income loss
what might reduce the incidence of secure attachment?
harsh contexts, especially stress of poverty
Many aspects of low SES make low school achievement, hostile children, and fearful adults more likely. What does this tell us?
that responsive early parenting leads to secure attachment, which buffers stress and encourages exploration
what is a strange situation?
a laboratory procedure for measuring attachment by evoking infants’ reactions to the stress of various adults’ comings and goings in an unfamiliar playroom
how did the babies adopted from Romania turn out?
6-12months after adoption: early signs were encouraging, but the impact of social deprivation became evident in their emotions and cognitions soon after.
- at age 11, most scored 85 on WISC, 15 points below average.
- as adults, they have serious emotional or conduct problems
what was the biggest problem for Romanian infants?
early emotional development
- Romanian infants develop best in their own families, second best in foster families, and worst in institutions
what are skipped generation households?
when grandparents serve as a child’s primary caregivers
what is preoperational intelligence?
Piaget’s term for cognitive development between the ages of about 2 and 6; it includes language and imagination (which involve symbolic thought)
- operational thinking is not yet possible
What is symbolic thought?
the concept that an object or word can stand for something else, including something pretended or something not seen.
- Once symbolic thought is possible, language becomes much more useful.
define animism.
The belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive?
what is Centration?
A characteristic of pre-operational thought whereby a young child focuses (centres) on one idea, excluding all others.
define egocentrism.
Piaget’s term for young children’s tendency to think about the world entirely from their own personal perspective
- literally “self-centredness”
What does a focus on appearance refer to?
A characteristic of pre-operational thought whereby a young child ignores all attributes that are not apparent
What is Static Reasoning?
A characteristic of pre-operational thought whereby a young child thinks that nothing changes.
- whatever is now has always been and always will be
what is irreversibility?
A characteristic of pre-operational thought whereby a young child thinks that nothing can be undone.
- A thing cannot be restored to the way it was before a change occurred
What does conservation refer to?
The principle that the amount of a substance remains the same (is conserved) even when its appearance changes
According to Vygotsky, how do children’s mentors assist them in learning?
- present challenges
- offer assistance
- add crucial information
- encourage motivation
What is a Zone of proximal development? (ZPD)
Vygotsky’s term for the intellectual arena where new cognitive and physical skills can be mastered
define scaffolding
Temporary support that is tailored to a learner’s needs and abilities aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process
overimitation
The tendency of children to copy an action that is not a relevant part of the behaviour to be learned
- common among 2-6 year olds when they imitate adult actions that are irrelevant and inefficient
what is theory-theory?
the idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear
according to theory theory, what is the best explanation for cognition in young children?
That humans always seek reasons, causes, and underlying principles to make sense of their experiences
- requires curiosity, connecting bits of knowledge, and observations, which is what young children do.
What is theory of mind?
A person’s theory of what other people might be thinking
- in order to have a theory of mind, children must realize that other people are not necessarily thinking the same thoughts as themselves are.
- that realization is seldom achieved before age 4
what is an idea that requires some theory of mind?
That people can be deliberately deceived or fooled.
when can the development of theory of mind be seen?
when young children try to escape punishment by lying
Who is more likely to be a better liar, a five year old, or a seven year old?
the seven year old
Theory of mind correlates with the maturity of which part of the brain and advances in which type of processing?
- pre-frontal cortex
- executive processing
Fill in the blanks:
Play is _____ and _____ - apparent in every part of the world for thousands of years.
timeless, universal
A preference to interact with one’s own sex refers to as what?
sex homophily
Each more advanced than the previous one, what are the five kinds of play that Mildred Parten distinguish?
1) Solitary play: A child plays alone, unaware of any other children playing nearby
2) Onlooker Play: A child watches other children play
3) Parallel play: Children play with similar objects in similar ways, but not together
4) Associative play: Children interact, sharing material, but their play is not reciprocal
5) Cooperative play: children play together, creating dramas or taking turns
Social Interactions is ____ among family members when a TV is on.
reduced
what four dimensions of caregiving styles did Baumrind find?
1) expressions of warmth: Some parents are warm and affectionate; others, cold and critical
2) Strategies for discipline: Parents vary in how they explain, criticize, persuade, and punish.
3) Communication: Some parents listen patiently; others demand silence.
4) Expectations for maturity: Parents vary in how much responsibility and self-control they expect
what is authoritarian parenting?
An approach to child-rearing that is characterized by high behavioural standards, strict punishments of misconduct, and little communication.
Fill in the blanks:
All children everywhere in every era ___ during early childhood, which makes developmentalists think it is _____ for healthy development
play, essential
What categories do the specific forms of play vary by?
culture, gender and parental example
Fill in the blanks:
Playmates of the ____ age foster ______ regulation.
same, emotional
Which kinds of play help children with socialization, with boys and girls often creating distinct imaginary dramas?
- rough-and-tumble play
- sociodramatic play
what is rough-and-tumble play?
play that mimics aggression through wrestling, chasing, or hitting, but in which is no intent to harm
what is sociodramatic play?
pretend play inn which children act out various roles and themes in stories that they create
what are children able to do through sociodramatic play?
- explore and rehearse social roles
- learn how to explain their ideas and convince playmates to agree
- practise emotional regulation by pretending to be afraid , angry, brave, and so on
- develop self-concept in anon-threatening context
what do you need deceive someone?
- what beliefs (hidden mental states)
- how beliefs
FINISH ON SITE
camouflage
hardwired - no awareness, even plants are capable of this
- stick insects…
instinct
more active, response is programmed and requires no learning
learned
animal tailors an innate response to fit its circumstances - modifying the deception as a result of learning
- Killdeers and Plovers
psychological
outwit other individuals through an understanding of their mental processes
- vervet monkeys, dandy and his special friend
what are 3 mental states?
- reality: the way the world is
- belief: the way i belief the world is
- desire: the way I want the world to be
when do children understand that other people have beliefs and desires?
Not until age 4 (exactly):
- Sally Anne Task /maxi task (unexpected change)
- smarties task (unexpected contents)
who is better at lying? the 3 year old or the 5 year old?
the 3 year old
why is the whole point of beliefs that they can be false? why must you ask about false beliefs?
if you ask about true beliefs, you can’t be sure the child isn’t reporting her own belief
fill in the blank: children with autism routinely fail ____ __ ____ tasks
theory of mind
fill in the blanks:
teachers rate fast kids as more ______ ______ and more ______ than slow kids
socially mature and more competent
boosters vs scoofers
look for differences in notes
