pages 153-154, 189-195, 221-227 Flashcards
why are securely attached infants more likely to become secure toddlers, socially competent preschoolers, high-achieving schoolchildren, and capable parents?
because attachment affects early brain development
- however, status may switch depending on family circumstances, like divorce, abuse, or income loss
what might reduce the incidence of secure attachment?
harsh contexts, especially stress of poverty
Many aspects of low SES make low school achievement, hostile children, and fearful adults more likely. What does this tell us?
that responsive early parenting leads to secure attachment, which buffers stress and encourages exploration
what is a strange situation?
a laboratory procedure for measuring attachment by evoking infants’ reactions to the stress of various adults’ comings and goings in an unfamiliar playroom
how did the babies adopted from Romania turn out?
6-12months after adoption: early signs were encouraging, but the impact of social deprivation became evident in their emotions and cognitions soon after.
- at age 11, most scored 85 on WISC, 15 points below average.
- as adults, they have serious emotional or conduct problems
what was the biggest problem for Romanian infants?
early emotional development
- Romanian infants develop best in their own families, second best in foster families, and worst in institutions
what are skipped generation households?
when grandparents serve as a child’s primary caregivers
what is preoperational intelligence?
Piaget’s term for cognitive development between the ages of about 2 and 6; it includes language and imagination (which involve symbolic thought)
- operational thinking is not yet possible
What is symbolic thought?
the concept that an object or word can stand for something else, including something pretended or something not seen.
- Once symbolic thought is possible, language becomes much more useful.
define animism.
The belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive?
what is Centration?
A characteristic of pre-operational thought whereby a young child focuses (centres) on one idea, excluding all others.
define egocentrism.
Piaget’s term for young children’s tendency to think about the world entirely from their own personal perspective
- literally “self-centredness”
What does a focus on appearance refer to?
A characteristic of pre-operational thought whereby a young child ignores all attributes that are not apparent
What is Static Reasoning?
A characteristic of pre-operational thought whereby a young child thinks that nothing changes.
- whatever is now has always been and always will be
what is irreversibility?
A characteristic of pre-operational thought whereby a young child thinks that nothing can be undone.
- A thing cannot be restored to the way it was before a change occurred
What does conservation refer to?
The principle that the amount of a substance remains the same (is conserved) even when its appearance changes
According to Vygotsky, how do children’s mentors assist them in learning?
- present challenges
- offer assistance
- add crucial information
- encourage motivation
What is a Zone of proximal development? (ZPD)
Vygotsky’s term for the intellectual arena where new cognitive and physical skills can be mastered
define scaffolding
Temporary support that is tailored to a learner’s needs and abilities aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process
overimitation
The tendency of children to copy an action that is not a relevant part of the behaviour to be learned
- common among 2-6 year olds when they imitate adult actions that are irrelevant and inefficient
