lecture 4

Question 1

true or false?

The female egg is passive, waiting for the active male sperm to fertilize

Answer 1

false.

the egg activates the sperm’s DNA by throwing out a harpoon

Question 2

what do you need to be a fertile female?

Answer 2

• ovaries (XX Chromosomes)
• Female internal genitalia
• Female external genitalia
• CNS that releases hormones in cycles
• to be considered “a fertile female” by a fertile male

Question 3

what do you need to be a fertile male?

Answer 3

• testes (XY Chromosomes)
• Male internal genitalia
• Male external genitalia
• CNS that does NOT release hormones in cycles
• to be considered” a fertile male” by a fertile female”

Question 4

what does the sex of a developing organ depend on?

Answer 4

depends on which sperm penetrates the ovum - either and X sperm, which creates a girl(XX), or a Y sperm, which creates a boy (XY)

Question 5

what happens at gate 1 of the five one-way gate series?

Answer 5

Conception genetic sex

- chromosomes due to genetic makeup of sperm (F=XX vs. M=XY)

Question 6

what happens at gate 2 of the five one-way gate series?

Answer 6

7 weeks internal genitalia

• hormonal secretion leads to:
  a) male internal reproductive system (testosterone)
  b) inhibition of female reproductive system (Mullerian inhibiting substance)

Question 7

what happens at gate 3 of the five one-way gate series?

Answer 7

8 weeks external genitalia

• testosterone secretion leads to male external genitalia
• Absence of testosterone leads to female external genitalia

Question 8

what happens at gate 4 of the five one-way gate series?

Answer 8

9 weeks + effects at puberty

- central nervous system determine changes at puberty (cyclical vs steady release of hormones)

Question 9

what happens at gate 5 of the five one-way gate series?

Answer 9

Birth psych-social label
- label of male or female is applies. not necessarily one-way (surgery, hormone treatments, social experience can modify)

Question 10

what are the differences between male and female sperm?

Answer 10

male sperm are faster, smaller, weaker and more produced, whereas female sperm are slower, larger, stronger and fewer produced

Question 11

what happens with an X-bearing sperm, what happens with a Y-bearing sperm.

Answer 11

x-bearing: ovaries develop and secretes estrogens

y-bearing: testes develop and secrete androgens

Question 12

define defeminization

Answer 12

Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS) leads to degeneration of Mullerian ducts (8-11 weeks)

Question 13

Define Masculization

Answer 13

testosterone leads to development of Wolffian ducts (9-10 weeks)

Question 14

define demasculinization

Answer 14

absence of MIS/testosterone leads to development of mullerian ducts and degeneration of Wolffian ducts
- if no MIS or testosterone, female internal genitalia develop

Question 15

what are the regular amount chromosomes?

Answer 15

F = 46 XX
M = 46 XY

Question 16

what is a quality about bipotential gonad?

Answer 16

incapable of developing tested or ovaries

Question 17

what may be the cause of a fetus lacking both male and female internal duct structures?

Answer 17

MIS secretion in the absence of androgens

Question 18

what may be the cause of a fetus possessing both male and female internal duct structures to varying degrees?

Answer 18

Absence of MIS accompanied by androgen secretion

Question 19

what are two ambiguous genitalia?

Answer 19

1) Masculinized females: exposure to greater-than-normal amounts of male hormones
2) Under-masculinized males:exposure to less-than-normal amounts of male hormones

Question 20

define intersex

Answer 20

when an individual is born not really a girl or a boy

Question 21

text book pages below

Answer 21

textbook pages below

Question 22

how much biology in 4 frameworks?

Answer 22

• biological -maturation: all biology
• Environmental-learning: all environment, almost no biology
  interactional/transactional: interact between biology and environment
• Cultural-context: biology and universal aspect of environment are filtered through culture to make you who you are