chapter 4 Flashcards
define attachments
specific, enduring, emotional bond =s whose existence is of major importance in the process of socio-personality development
What did John Bowbly claim about separation anxiety?
to explain behavioural tendencies of infants and parents, look at the “environment of evolutionary adaptedness”
according to Bowbly, what does an infants survival depend on?
ability to maintain proximity to protective adults to obtain nourishment, comfort, and security
what does an infant use “signals” for? According to Bowbly
infants rely on signals to entice adults to approach them
- adults must be predisposed to respond to these signals
- infants develop a variety of different means of achieving contact
- means change with development and gradually focus on specific persons (attachment figures)
what do face-to-face play and distress relief sequences teach infants?
reciprocity: in social interaction, partners take turns acting and reacting
effectance: infant behaviour can affect the behaviour of others in predictable and consistent ways
trust - the caregiver can be counted on to respond when signalled
when does social anxiety begin to appear in children?
6-8months - 18months
what are the four categories of babies?
secure: seeks and greets parents, easily soothed
avoidant: ignores or avoids parent
resistant: clings to or pushes parent away
disorganized: extreme fear and confusion (resist and avoid)
what is insecure attachment?
when an infant is unsure whether the caregiver will respond to infants signals due to lack of attention
- can lead to depression, anxiety, withdrawal, aggression
what culture are babies the most avoidant?
Europe
what culture are babies the most resistant?
Israel
stability
attachment classifications are thought to accurate capture the essence of attachment relationships
- therefore, they should be stable (same results)
predictive validity
if attachment is the foundation of later social and intimate relationships, then classifications should be predictive of the child’s future behaviour
what is a social smile?
A smile evoked by a human face, normally first evidence in infants about 6 weeks after birth
what is cortisol?
the primary stress hormone; fluctuations in body’s cortisol level affect human emotion
define separation anxiety
an infant’s distress when a familiar caregiver leaves, most obvious between 9 and 14 months
what is stranger wariness?
an infants expression of concern - a quiet stare while clinging to a familiar person , or a look of fear - when a stranger appears
a persons realization that he or she is a distinct individual whose body, mind, and actions are separate from those of other people, refers to what?
self-awareness
define temperament
inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self regulation
- it is measured by the person’s typical responses to the environment
define synchrony
a coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant
what are the three dimensions of temperament?
- effortful control: able to regulate attention and emotion, to self-soothe
- negative mood: fearful, angry, unhappy
- Surgency: active, social, not shy, exuberant
define proximal parenting
caregiving practices that involve being physically close to the baby with frequent holding and touching
define distal parenting
caregiving practices that involve remaining distant from the baby, providing toys, food, and face-to-face communication with minimal holding and touching
define sensorimotor intelligence
piaget’s term for the way infants think - by using their senses and motor skills - during the first period of cognitive development
define the a- not - b error
the tendency to reach for a hidden object where it was last found rather than in the new location where it was last hidden
define little scientist
the stage-five toddler (12-18 months) who experiments without anticipating the results , using trial and error in active and creative exploration
what is the difference between assimilation and accommodation?
accommodation: the modification of an existing scheme (or creation of a new scheme) to make it applicable to a new situation
what is cognitive equilibrium?
a state in which assimilation is dominant process
what is cognitive disequilibrium?
a state in which accommodation is dominant process
equilibration is….
the process of movement between equilibrium and disequilibrium
