Paenungulata Flashcards
What is Paenungulata?
Extant orders included (including common names)?
Time and place of origins?
Oldest of the 3 included orders? Speciation of that order?
characteristics:
digit tips, clavicle, testes/baculum, digestive system, uterus, mammae
Hyraxes
Order and Family?
nicknames?
size, sexual mono/dimorphism?
Current distribution? # species? Size of colonies?
Body form? Locomotion abilities? Noises?
Teeth (molars, spacing, incisors)
Feet (front/back # toes, nails, pads, function)
Digestive system
Social defense behavior
Visual adaptations
Thermoregulation
ancestral hyraxes
Order and family?
Size?
Order: Hyracoidea
Elephants
Order and family?
3 main identifying features?
Origin time and spread?
Reduction of diversity (time/cause)
Common and scientific names of 3 extant species
African Forest elephant especially imperiled, though all 3 are in trouble
Proboscidea:
Size/speed?
What is a trunk and what is it for?
Skull adaptations/purpose
Habitat/ecosystem role
Diet
Social structure (males/females/juveniles), term for male breeding season behavior, juvenile/adult pheromones
Male/female sexual maturity age
Gestation length, calf size
Lifespan
Matriarchal influence on social behaviors
Proboscidea:
4 advantages of large body size
4 disadvantages of large body size
Proboscidea
Evolutionary trends in:
legs
skull/neck
trunk
incisors
cheek teeth (incl. term for molar replacement)
Proboscidea
Relate the evolution of the woolly mammoth and mastadon to modern elephants
Mammoth family? Mastodon family?
Compare the cheek teeth of the mammoth and mastodon
Proboscidea
Skull adaptations
Foot configuration/locomotion style
Legs/neck
Incisors
Mandible, tooth height, cheek tooth type, cheek tooth replacement
Proboscidea
What is the conservations status for Asian, Forest, and African elephants?
Which is the largest? Smallest?
Smallest/largest ears?
Tusk configurations of each?
Asian Elephant vs. African Elephant:
Ears
Top of head shape
Trunk tip
Back foot nails
Point where height is tallest
Max weight
Asian Elephant vs. African Elephant:
What is the #1 threat to each species?
What are individuals with especially large tusks called?
What are other threats to both?
Sea Cows
Order
2 Families (w/ common names)
number of extant species
Unique lifestyle factoid
Early fossils (time, place, limbs, lifestyle indicated)
Size, hair, nostrils
Inner ear adaptation
Buoyancy adaptations
Limbs, pelvis
Cheek teeth in each family
Diet
Metabolism, life span
Reproductive strategy
Population threats (3)
Age of sexual maturity
Litter size/frequency
Range of these species:
Dugong
Stellar’s sea cow (extinct)
West Indian manatee
West African manatee
Amazonian manatee
What is the most important limiting factor to their habitable range?
Average water temperature is the biggest factor.
Dugong vs Manatee:
skin texture
average weight
average length
