Paeds Flashcards
Features of TOF
Pulmonary stenosis
VSD
Overriding aorta
RVH
Whats the tx for severe croup?
Oral dexamethasone
Which organism causes acute epiglottitis?
Haemophilus influenza B (hib B)
Whats tx for acute epiglottitis?
Intubation
IV cefuroxime
How do you diagnose whooping cough?
Per nasal swab culture
How is whooping cough treated?
Azithromycin/erythromycin and school exclusion
What drug can be used to prevent bronchiolitis in susceptible individuals?
Palivizumab
Causes of stridor
Croup
Epiglottitis
Foreign body
Anaphylaxis
What is ABG finding in pyloric stenosis?
Hypochloraemic hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis
How is pyloric stenosis tx?
Ramstedts pyloromyotomy
What Ix will diagnose intussuception?
USS abdo
What is curative tx for intussusception?
Rectal air insufflation
What should you first suspect in a baby presenting with bilious vomiting in first days of life?
Intestinal malrotation
How is malrotation dx?
Upper GI contrast study/ USS abdo
3 signs of necrotising enterocolitis on AXR
Distended loops of bowel
Intramural gas
Football sign
How is NEC first treated?
Stop oral feeds (always need parenteral nutrition)
Broad spectrum abx
How is Hirschsprungs disease diagnosed?
Suction rectal biopsy
When is jaundice in a neonate considered serious?
<24hours
>2 weeks
What are the causes of jaundice lasting longer than 2 weeks?
Biliary atresia
Neonatal hepatitis
What test can be done in a neonate to test for autoimmune haemolytic anaemia?
Coombs test
What causes jaundice in the first 24 hours?
Rhesus haemolytic disease
ABO haemolytic disease
Hereditary spherocytosis
G6PD deficiency
Criteria for nephrotic syndrome
Hypoalbuminaemia (<25/L)
Proteinuria
Oedema
What does a raised conjugated bilirubin at 2 weeks suggest?
Biliary atresia
What features make up charge syndrome?
Coloboma Heart defects Atresia of nose passage Retarded growth Genital hypoplasia Ear abnormality
What chromosomal abnormality is turners syndrome?
45, X0
Which manoeuvres are used to dx DDH?
Barlow and ortolani
Ratio in paeds CPR?
5 rescue breaths to 15 chest compressions
What are the features of Kawasaki’s disease?
(CRASH and BURN) Conjunctivitis Rash Adenopathy (cervical lymphadenopathy) Strawberry tongue Hands/feet (red and oedematous palms)
Why do you avoid aspirin in children?
Risk of Reye syndrome
How is Kawasaki treated?
high dose aspirin
IVIg
What Ix is important in Kawasaki?
echocardiogram
Ix for recurrent UTI?
Urine culture
USS
DMSA
Micturating cystourethrogram
Triad of haemolytic uraemic syndrome
Acute renal failure
Haemolytic anaemia
Thrombocytopenia
At what age should a child be able to make a tower of two cubes and say 2-3 words?
1 year
At what age should a child be able to make a tower of 3-4 cubes?
18 months
At what age should a child be able to speak in 2-3 word sentences?
2 years
Signs of resp distress in infants
Tachypnoea Subcostal recession Intercostal recession Nasal flaring Head bobbing Tracheal tug
3 core behaviours of ADHD
Impulsivity
Hyperactivity
Inattention
What maintenance fluid is given in paeds?
0.9% saline/ 5% dextrose
What maintenance fluid is given to neonates?
10% dextrose
Formula for calculating weight
(age + 4) x 2
What is a standard paeds bolus amount?
20ml/kg
Which groups require only 10ml/kg bolus?
Trauma
DKA
Neonates
When would anion gap increase?
DKA
Lactate
Formula for anion gap
(Na+ + K+) - (Cl- + HCO3-)
Drug tx for sickle cell
Hydroxycarbamide
Mainstay of tx for beta thalassaemia major
Regular blood transfusion
What abnormal Ix findings would there be in vWD?
Increased APTT
Decreased factor VIII and von willebrands factor
What makes up measles prodrome?
Cough
Coryza
Conjunctivitis
Koplik spots
Comps of hand, foot and mouth?
herpangina Myocarditis pericarditis Bornholm disease aseptic meningitis
Features of HSP
Palpable purpuric rash
Abdo pain
polyarthritis
IgA nephropathy (haematuria)
How to close patent ductus arteriosus and how do you keep it open?
Indometacin - closes
Prostaglandins - keep open
What causes kernicterus?
Encephalopathy resulting from deposition of unconjugated bilirubin in basal ganglia and brainstem nuclei
What is first line test for measuring bilirubin level in neonates?
Transcutaneous bilirubinometer
When must you measure serum bilirubin as well as do transcutaneous measure?
If jaundice < 24 hours or neonate <35 weeks
Tx for jaundice less than 24 hours
Identify and tx cause
Phototherapy
Consider exchange transfusion via umbilical artery/vein
What Ix for shaken babies?
Skeletal survey
Fundoscopy
CT/MRI
How is DDH treated?
Pavlik harness/splints
How does transient synovitis px?
Progressive hip pain
Limp/inability to weight bear
Fever
Irritability
How is SCFE treated?
Internal fixation
Which enzyme is deficient in CAH?
21-hydroxylase
Metabolic abnormality seen in CAH
Decreased Na+
Increased K+
Metabolic acidosis
hypoglycaemia
What drug do you give as prophylaxis to the close contact of a patient with N.menigitidis?
Rifampicin
Which other disease is important to test for if dx TB?
HIV (also do vice-versa)
What tests are useful if suspect food allergy?
Skin-prick test
RAST test
Supervised food challenge
Define CP
Motor disorder due to non-progressive insult up to the age of 2
What criteria are used to dx septic arthritis?
Kocher criteria
Signs of portal hypertension
Oesophageal varices
Piles/haemorrhoids
caput medusa
Signs of ASD
Ejection systolic murmur
Split S2
What test can be used to dx cyanotic heart disease?
Hyperoxia test
How is rheumatic fever treated?
Aspirin and bed rest
need prophylactic ben pen until 18
What is the most common cause of downs syndrome?
Non-disjunction
What cause of phimosis requires treatment?
Balanitis xerotica obliterans
What is the meaning of an indirect hernia?
Not direct through abdominal wall.
Through existing weakness such as inguinal canal
