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med > Haem > Flashcards

Haem Flashcards

1
Q

What are the causes of raised APTT?

A

Haemophilia
vWD
DIC
Use of heparin

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2
Q

What are the causes of raised PT?

A

Severe liver disease
Vit K deficiency
DIC
Sepsis

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3
Q

What blood test abnormalities are seen in vWD?

A

Increased APTT

Decreased factor VIII and vW factor

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4
Q

What tx can be given for mild vWd?

A

Desmopressin

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5
Q

Which clotting factors are deficient in haemophilia A and B?

A 
A = VIII
B = IX
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6
Q

What are the three main causes of DIC?

A

Sepsis
Malignancy
Obstetric

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7
Q

What are the three tests you would conduct to investigate for haemolytic anaemia?

A

Reticulocyte count
LDH level
Haptoglobin

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8
Q

Which tests if positive will tell you that haemolytic anaemia is caused by an immune cause?

A

Coombs test

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9
Q

Blood test abnormality seen in DIC

A

Low platelets
Increased PT and APTT
Low fibrinogen

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10
Q

Which test is diagnostic of polycythaemia rubra vera?

A

JAK 2 mutation

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11
Q

What are the secondary causes of polycythaemia?

A

COPD
Sleep apnoea
hypoxia (high altitude, smoking)
Increased EPO - renal cell carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma

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12
Q

What is the main complication of polycythaemia vera?

A

Thrombosis

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13
Q

What is the tx for polycythaemia vera?

A

Venesection or (hydroxycarbamide if high risk thrombosis)
+
daily ASPIRIN

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14
Q

What conditions may polycythaemia vera progress to?

A

Myelofibrosis

Acute leukaemia

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15
Q

What is a sign on blood film of G6PD deficiency?

A

Heinz bodies

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16
Q

What’s the only tx for TTP?

A

Plasma exchange

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17
Q

How do you distinguish AML from ALL on bone marrow biopsy?

A

Presence of AUER rods in AML

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18
Q

In which condition is the Philadelphia chromosome found?

A

CML

19
Q

What would the FBC show in CML?

A

Increased myeloid cells (e.g. eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, basophils)

20
Q

What drugs can be used to tx CML?

A

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g. imatinib)

21
Q

What are the comps of CLL?

A

1) autoimmune haemolysis
2) Infection (hypogammaglobulinaemia)
3) Marrow failure

22
Q

How is Hodgkin’s lymphoma staged?

A

Ann Arbor system

23
Q

What two abnormalities are seen on FBC with alcohol misuse?

A

Thrombocytopenia
Raised MCV
Anaemia

24
Q

Two signs of thalassaemia

A

Skull bossing

Hepatosplenomegaly

25
Q

What sign on blood film indicates thalassaemia?

A

Target cells

Microcytic hypochromic RBCs

26
Q

Dx for thalassaemia

A

Hb electrophoresis

27
Q

Which types of immunoglobulin cause warm and cold autoimmune haemolytic anaemia?

A 
Warm = IgG
Cold = IgM
28
Q

What are seen on blood film in G6PD?

A

Heinz bodies

29
Q

What findings suggest intravascular haemolytic anaemia?

A

Increased free plasma Hb
decreased haptoglobin
Increased haemoglobinuria

30
Q

What practical measures would you instigate in a neutropenic patient?

A

Full barrier nursing
Avoid IM injections
Vitals 4 hourly
(screen for infection, check bloods and cultures)

31
Q

What drug can help stimulate neutrophil production?

A

G-CSF

32
Q

What Ix for pernicious anaemia?

A

Parietal cell antibodies
IF antibodies
Schilling test

33
Q

What blood film features are consistent with AML?

A

Blast cells

AUER RODS

34
Q

How is CML treated?

A

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors

35
Q

What factor favours a more favourable prognosis in CML?

A

Presence of Philadelphia chromosome

36
Q

What is the main comp of CML?

A

Blast crisis (leads to AML and pancytopenia)

37
Q

Comps of CLL

A

1) autoimmune haemolysis
2) Infection due to hypogammaglobulinaemia
3) Marrow failure

38
Q

What staging system is used for CLL?

A

Binet

39
Q

What could cause a cough in NHL?

A

Mediastinal mass

Pneumonia

40
Q

ddx for NHL?

A

HL
ALL
Infectious mononucleosis

41
Q

How is lymphoma staged?

A

Ann-Arbor system

42
Q

Symptoms of hyperviscosity?

A

Headache, tinnitus. dizziness, visual disturbance, Plethoric appearance

43
Q

Which type of leukaemia are patients with myelodysplastic syndrome at risk of?

A

AML

med (25 decks)

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