Opthalmology Flashcards
What are drusen a sign of?
Dry age related macular degeneration
What name is given to the area with the highest density of photoreceptors?
Fovea
What is the name of the surgery for cataracts?
Phacoemulsification
How does age-related macular degeneration px?
Central vision loss
Straight lines appear wavy
Poor night vision
How is wet age related macular degeneration treated?
Anti-VEGF injections
What Ix are useful in age related macular degeneration?
Amsler grid
Ocular coherence tomography (OCT)
Fluorescein angiography
Treatment options for diabetic retinopathy
Laser
Anti-VEGF injections
Intravitreal steroids
How does primary open angle glaucoma px?
Loss of peripheral vision
Ix for chronic glaucoma
Tonometry
Visual fields
What drugs are used for chronic glaucoma?
Prostaglandin analogues - latanoprost
Beta blockers - timolol
SE of latanoprost
Increased eyelash length
Causes of Horners syndrome
Stroke, MS
Pancoast tumour
Carotid artery dissection
Px of Horners
Ptosis
Meiosis
Anhydrosis
pseudoenopthalmus
What drugs can be used to dilate the pupils
Tropicamide
Cyclopentolate
Atropine
When are pupil dilating drugs CI
Head injury
Contact lenses in situ
Risk of closed angle glaucoma
4Cs of examining an optic disc
Colour
Contour
Cup
Circulation
Most common cause vitreous haemorrhage
Diabetic retinopathy
What is the vascular layer of the eye called?
Choroid
Risk factors for cataracts
Sunlight, ageing, alcohol, smoking, corticosteroids, DM
What triad is characteristic of open angle glaucoma
Raised IOP > 21
Abnormal disc
VF defect
Tests for open angle glaucoma
Tonometry
VF test
Fundoscopy
Initial tx for CRAO
Ocular massage
Acetalozamide + anterior chamber paracentesis
What sign on fundoscopy indicates retinal vein occlusion?
Flame haemorrhages
What is first line mx for blepharitis, styes and chalazion?
Warm compress
Which virus most commonly causes conjunctivitis?
Adenovirus
Why should only specialist use steroids for red eye?
If viral (herpes simplex) keratitis - using steroids will cause an ulcer
What is the tx for bacterial conjunctivitis?
Chloramphenicol eye drops and fusidic acid (abx)
What is keratitis inflammation of?
Cornea
What sign indicates viral keratitis?
Dendritic shape that stains with fluorescein
Which virus causes keratitis?
herpes simplex
How does viral keratitis present?
Red eye
Foreign body sensation
Photophobia
Watery discharge
What forms the uvea?
Iris
Ciliary body
Choroid
Which conditions are associated with anterior uveitis?
Seronegative arthropathies
Sarcoidosis, syphilis
Behcet’s disease
What signs suggest anterior uveitis?
Intense redness of globe
Irregular small pupil
Fluid level in anterior chamber
How do you distinguish between episcleritis (common, benign) and scleritis?
Epi = localized redness, no LOV, no discharge Scleritis = very painful, associated loss of vision
What test can be used to measure the drainage angle of the eye?
Gonioscopy
How to tx acute close angle glaucoma if immeadaite referral impossible/
Lie flat
Pilocarpine eye drops to constrict
Acetazolamide oral
Which red eye conditions cause pain and LOV?
Glaucoma
Keratitis
Scleritis
What is an important cause of a third nerve palsy?
Posterior communicating artery aneurysm
What is most common cause of optic disc cupping?
Glaucoma
