Paeds 2 Flashcards by Claire Taylor

Polio
Flu vaccine
Hepatitis A
Rabies

activated or inactivated?

Inactivated vaccines

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Pneumococcus
Meningococcus
Hepatitis B
Pertussis (whooping cough)
Haemophilus influenza type B
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
Shingles (herpes-zoster virus)

are examples of what type of vaccine

Subunit and conjugate vaccines only contain parts of the organism used to stimulate an immune response. They also cannot cause infection and are safe for immunocompromised

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Measles, mumps and rubella vaccine: contains all three weakened viruses
BCG: contains a weakened version of tuberculosis
Chickenpox: contains a weakened varicella-zoster virus
Nasal influenza vaccine (not the injection)
Rotavirus vaccine

what type of vaccines?

Live attenuated vaccines contain a weakened version of the pathogen. They are still capable of causing infection, particularly in immunocompromised patients.

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the MMR vaccine is what kind of vaccine?

Live attenuated - contain weakened version of the pathogen

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name 4 ive attenuated vaccines

MMR

BCG

chicken pox

nasal influenza

rotavirus

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what does the 4 in 1 vaccine work against

3 years 4 months:

4 in 1 (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and polio)

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what meningoccal groups are vaccinated against by age 14

Meningococcal groups A, C, W and Y

Meningococal B

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what is in the 8 in 1 vaccine

get a 6 weeks , 12 weeks and 16 weeks

(diphtheria,

tetanus,

pertussis,

polio,

haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib)

hepatitis B)

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Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine

protects against

Strains 6 and 11 cause genital warts
Strains 16 and 18 cause cervical cancer

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antibiotics for meningiitis in paediatrics

3rd generation cephalosporin (e.g. cefotaxime/ceftriaxone)- cross the meninges

Add IV amoxicillin if < 3 month old (covers listeria

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usual antibiotic for bacterial meningitis while awaiting culture results in patients over 3 months.

cefriaxone

+ IV amoxcillin if < 3 months

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best antibiotic against strep pyogenes

benzyl penicillin

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antibitoics used to treat MRSA

Doxycycline
Clindamycin
Vancomycin
Teicoplanin
Linezolid

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What type of murmur is caused by coarctation of the aorta? (1)

Where is it heard loudest? (1)

Systolic murmur
Inferior to the left clavicle and left scapula

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What is the usual diagnostic investigation for intussusception? (1)

USS

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Why might someone with a ventricular septal defect require prophylactic antibodies? (1)

increased risk of endocarditis

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neisseria meningitidis is a gram negative diplococcus

a. true
b.false

a. true

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most common cause of bacteria meningitis in neonates

group B step (GBS)

usually contracted during birth

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most common causes of meingitis in adults and children

neisseria meningitis (menigococuss)

and

streptococcus pneumonia (pneumonoccuss)

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physical tests for meningeal irritation

kernigs test

brudzinskis test

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CSF if bacteria infection

cloudy
high protein
low glucose
high neutrophils

bacteria swimming in CSF release proteins that use up the glucose

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CSF if virus

clear
mildly raised or normal protein
normal glucose
high lymphocytes

viruses dont use glucose but may release a small amount of protein

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which virus causes infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)

EBV

body produces mutiple purpose heterophile antibodies months after (can test for)

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bacteria that causes whooping cough

bordetella pertussis

causes coughing fits so severe that child cannot inhale between coughs - caushing whooping sound as they forcefully draw in air afterwards

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presentation of whooping cough

corzyal symptoms 1 week (blocked runny nose, sore throat, milkd dry cough) severe paroxysmal cough 1-10 weeks (night, high pitched whoop when breath in, apnea - pauses in breathing) recovery 1-3weeks

tests for whooping cough

nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab , PCR bacterial culture

describe diarrhoea caused by cambylocbacter | gram negative bacteria

2-5 days after raw/improperly cooked chicken/untreated water diarrhoea +/- bloody vomiting/fever abdominal cramps | azithromycin or ciproflaxin

diarrhoea caused by shigellla

spread by faeces containing water, swimming pools, or food 1-2 days incubation bloody diarrhea , abdominal cramps and fever

salmonella

12 hours to 3 days incubation watery diarrhoea +/mucos or blood abominal pain and vomiting

bacillus cereus

inadequetly cooked food (fried rice typically) within FIVE hours of ingestion vomiting and cramping 5 hours watery diarrhoea (8 hours) resolution 24 hours

giardiasis

parasite - lives in small intestines of mammals pets ,farmyard animals or human cysts in the stools of infected mammals -> metronidazole

staph aureus toxin - produce enterotoxins (leave on food)

abdominal cramps, fever, vomiting, diarrhoea within 12 to 24 hours

mumps features

prodrome - flu symptoms + cough parotid swelling , unwell, fever, fatigue orchitis, pancreatitis, meningitis are complications

rubella features

rash that starts on the face and spreads over the body tender lymph nodes - suboccipital and post-aurricular

measles features

severe prodrome - high fever, cough/corzyal symptoms (HIGH FEVER) conjunctivits rash behind the ears!!!spreads kopilik spots - mouth

scarlet fever symptoms

fine sandpaper rash sore throat strawberry tongue

features of bone marrow failure

1. aneamia - fatigue 2. WCC low - infections 3. low platelets - petechie and brusing

cause of GROUP

parainfluenza

cause of bronchiolitis

RSV

cause of acute epiglottis

haemophilus influenza B

The definitive management for testicular torsion

bilateral orchidopexy.

too much cows milk before the age of 1 can cause deficiency in?

iron

what type of murmur does VSD produce in children

harsh sounding pansystolic left lower sternal edge associated wtih cyanosis in first 24 hours (common in downs syndrome)

murmur produced in ASD

ejection systolic murmur fixed split heart S2

murmur in coarctation of the aorta

ejection systolic that is heard loudest at the back in between the scapula weak femoral pulses!!!!

weak femoral pulses is a sign of

coarctation of the aorta

symptoms of ToF (murmur)

1-2 months will become cynaotic pulmonary stenosis - ejection systolic

murmur heard in ToF

pulmonary stenosis

A headache due to raised intracranial pressure (ICP) is typically worse when lying down and improves on standing. a. true b. false

a. true

red flags in headaches

- Aggravated by coughing, straining, bending (ICP) - woken from sleep +/- vomiting (ICP) - relieved by UPRIGHT (ICP)

1st line for generalised seizure in children

Levetiracetam – 1st line for generalised

1st line for focal seizures in children

Carbamazepine – 1st line for focal

treatment for hand foot and mouth

symptomatic treatment only

viral cause of hand foot and mouth

coxsackie virus A16

treatment for threadworm

mebendazole treat all household contacts

children under 3 months with a suspected UTI treatment?

referred straight to hospital = for speacialist paediartric raised temperature < 3 months is considered red sign alone

any child under 3 months with a fever > 38?

immediate paeds admission

all children under 3 months with UTI should be send trait to hospital a. true b. false

a. true weak immune systems - progress more rapidly symptoms more non-specific in this age group - early treatment and diagnosis is crucial

presentation of UTI in infants

poor feeding vomiting irritability

presentation of UTI in young children

abdominal pain, dysuria, fever > 38C temperature

what should you never do on a child with croup?

perform a neck examination - can cause airway obstruction

cyanotic heart diseases

* Transposition of the arteries * Teratology of fallot (more common) * Tricuspid atresia

acyanotic congenital heart defects

. VSD - most common ASD (present later) PDA coarctation of the aorta aortic valve stenosis

treatment for whooping cough

clarithromycin azithromycin erthromycin (macrolides)

symptoms of whooping cough

UTRI for 2 weeks followed by paroxysmal phase - cough that gets worse - coughing bouts - vomiting, - inspiratory whoop (forced inspiration against closed glottis) - - infant may have apnea spells - post-tussive vomiting

vaccines between 13-18

MEN ACWY 3 in 1 teenager booster (tetanus, diptheria , polio)