Paeds 2 Flashcards
Polio
Flu vaccine
Hepatitis A
Rabies
activated or inactivated?
Inactivated vaccines
Pneumococcus
Meningococcus
Hepatitis B
Pertussis (whooping cough)
Haemophilus influenza type B
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
Shingles (herpes-zoster virus)
are examples of what type of vaccine
Subunit and conjugate vaccines only contain parts of the organism used to stimulate an immune response. They also cannot cause infection and are safe for immunocompromised
Measles, mumps and rubella vaccine: contains all three weakened viruses
BCG: contains a weakened version of tuberculosis
Chickenpox: contains a weakened varicella-zoster virus
Nasal influenza vaccine (not the injection)
Rotavirus vaccine
what type of vaccines?
Live attenuated vaccines contain a weakened version of the pathogen. They are still capable of causing infection, particularly in immunocompromised patients.
the MMR vaccine is what kind of vaccine?
Live attenuated - contain weakened version of the pathogen
name 4 ive attenuated vaccines
MMR
BCG
chicken pox
nasal influenza
rotavirus
what does the 4 in 1 vaccine work against
3 years 4 months:
4 in 1 (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and polio)
what meningoccal groups are vaccinated against by age 14
Meningococcal groups A, C, W and Y
Meningococal B
what is in the 8 in 1 vaccine
- get a 6 weeks , 12 weeks and 16 weeks
(diphtheria,
tetanus,
pertussis,
polio,
haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib)
hepatitis B)
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine
protects against
Strains 6 and 11 cause genital warts
Strains 16 and 18 cause cervical cancer
antibiotics for meningiitis in paediatrics
- 3rd generation cephalosporin (e.g. cefotaxime/ceftriaxone)- cross the meninges
Add IV amoxicillin if < 3 month old (covers listeria
usual antibiotic for bacterial meningitis while awaiting culture results in patients over 3 months.
cefriaxone
+ IV amoxcillin if < 3 months
best antibiotic against strep pyogenes
benzyl penicillin
antibitoics used to treat MRSA
Doxycycline
Clindamycin
Vancomycin
Teicoplanin
Linezolid
What type of murmur is caused by coarctation of the aorta? (1)
Where is it heard loudest? (1)
Systolic murmur
Inferior to the left clavicle and left scapula
What is the usual diagnostic investigation for intussusception? (1)
USS
Why might someone with a ventricular septal defect require prophylactic antibodies? (1)
increased risk of endocarditis
neisseria meningitidis is a gram negative diplococcus
a. true
b.false
a. true
most common cause of bacteria meningitis in neonates
group B step (GBS)
usually contracted during birth
most common causes of meingitis in adults and children
neisseria meningitis (menigococuss)
and
streptococcus pneumonia (pneumonoccuss)
physical tests for meningeal irritation
kernigs test
brudzinskis test
CSF if bacteria infection
cloudy
high protein
low glucose
high neutrophils
bacteria swimming in CSF release proteins that use up the glucose
CSF if virus
clear
mildly raised or normal protein
normal glucose
high lymphocytes
viruses dont use glucose but may release a small amount of protein
which virus causes infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)
EBV
- body produces mutiple purpose heterophile antibodies months after (can test for)
bacteria that causes whooping cough
bordetella pertussis
- causes coughing fits so severe that child cannot inhale between coughs - caushing whooping sound as they forcefully draw in air afterwards
presentation of whooping cough
corzyal symptoms 1 week (blocked runny nose, sore throat, milkd dry cough)
severe paroxysmal cough 1-10 weeks (night, high pitched whoop when breath in, apnea - pauses in breathing)
recovery 1-3weeks
tests for whooping cough
nasopharyngeal swab, nasal swab , PCR
bacterial culture
describe diarrhoea caused by cambylocbacter
gram negative bacteria
2-5 days after raw/improperly cooked chicken/untreated water
diarrhoea +/- bloody
vomiting/fever
abdominal cramps
azithromycin or ciproflaxin
diarrhoea caused by shigellla
spread by faeces containing water, swimming pools, or food
1-2 days incubation
bloody diarrhea , abdominal cramps and fever
salmonella
12 hours to 3 days incubation
watery diarrhoea +/mucos or blood
abominal pain and vomiting
bacillus cereus
inadequetly cooked food
(fried rice typically)
within FIVE hours of ingestion
vomiting and cramping 5 hours
watery diarrhoea (8 hours)
resolution 24 hours
giardiasis
parasite - lives in small intestines of mammals
pets ,farmyard animals or human
cysts in the stools of infected mammals
-> metronidazole
staph aureus toxin - produce enterotoxins (leave on food)
abdominal cramps, fever, vomiting, diarrhoea within 12 to 24 hours
mumps features
prodrome - flu symptoms + cough
parotid swelling , unwell, fever, fatigue
orchitis, pancreatitis, meningitis are complications
rubella features
rash that starts on the face and spreads over the body
tender lymph nodes
- suboccipital and post-aurricular
measles features
severe prodrome - high fever, cough/corzyal symptoms
(HIGH FEVER)
conjunctivits
rash behind the ears!!!spreads
kopilik spots - mouth
scarlet fever symptoms
fine sandpaper rash
sore throat
strawberry tongue
features of bone marrow failure
- aneamia - fatigue
- WCC low - infections
- low platelets - petechie and brusing
cause of GROUP
parainfluenza
cause of bronchiolitis
RSV
cause of acute epiglottis
haemophilus influenza B
The definitive management for testicular torsion
bilateral orchidopexy.
too much cows milk before the age of 1 can cause deficiency in?
iron
what type of murmur does VSD produce in children
harsh sounding pansystolic
left lower sternal edge
associated wtih cyanosis in first 24 hours
(common in downs syndrome)
murmur produced in ASD
ejection systolic murmur
fixed split heart S2
murmur in coarctation of the aorta
ejection systolic that is heard
loudest at the back in between the scapula
weak femoral pulses!!!!
weak femoral pulses is a sign of
coarctation of the aorta
symptoms of ToF (murmur)
1-2 months will become cynaotic
pulmonary stenosis - ejection systolic
murmur heard in ToF
pulmonary stenosis
A headache due to raised intracranial pressure (ICP) is typically worse when lying down and improves on standing.
a. true
b. false
a. true
red flags in headaches
- Aggravated by coughing, straining, bending (ICP)
- woken from sleep +/- vomiting (ICP)
- relieved by UPRIGHT (ICP)
1st line for generalised seizure in children
Levetiracetam – 1st line for generalised
1st line for focal seizures in children
Carbamazepine – 1st line for focal
treatment for hand foot and mouth
symptomatic treatment only
viral cause of hand foot and mouth
coxsackie virus A16
treatment for threadworm
mebendazole
treat all household contacts
children under 3 months with a suspected UTI
treatment?
referred straight to hospital = for speacialist paediartric
raised temperature < 3 months is considered red sign alone
any child under 3 months with a fever > 38?
immediate paeds admission
all children under 3 months with UTI should be send trait to hospital
a. true
b. false
a. true
weak immune systems - progress more rapidly
symptoms more non-specific in this age group
- early treatment and diagnosis is crucial
presentation of UTI in infants
poor feeding
vomiting
irritability
presentation of UTI in young children
abdominal pain, dysuria, fever
> 38C temperature
what should you never do on a child with croup?
perform a neck examination - can cause airway obstruction
cyanotic heart diseases
- Transposition of the arteries
- Teratology of fallot (more common)
- Tricuspid atresia
acyanotic congenital heart defects
. VSD - most common
ASD (present later)
PDA
coarctation of the aorta
aortic valve stenosis
treatment for whooping cough
clarithromycin
azithromycin
erthromycin
(macrolides)
symptoms of whooping cough
UTRI for 2 weeks
followed by paroxysmal phase
- cough that gets worse
- coughing bouts - vomiting,
- inspiratory whoop (forced inspiration against closed glottis)
- - infant may have apnea spells
- post-tussive vomiting
vaccines between 13-18
MEN ACWY
3 in 1 teenager booster (tetanus, diptheria , polio)
