Combination of repro physiology questions

Question 1

Progesterone related effects of pregnancy?

Answer 1

• lower BP
• constipation
• ureteral dilation
• bladder relaxation
• biliary stasis
• increased tidal volume

all due to smooth muscle relaxation

Question 1

What substrate is responsible for lower blood pressure during pregnancy?

Answer 1

progesterone

• relaxes smooth muscle

Question 2

What marks the change of primordial follicles to primary follicles?

Answer 2

Development of the zona pellucida

Granulosa cells have also started proliferating

Question 3

What are pre-antral , secondary follicles most recognised by feature wise?

Answer 3

the development of the theca

Question 4

Where is hCG mianly secreted from during pregnancy?

Answer 4

beta-hCG is produced by the placenta (syncytiotrophoblast cells)

hormone maintains the corpus luteum , which contains to secrete progesterone and oestrogen throughout pregnancy

can cause nausea and vomiting

Question 5

Why does Cardiac output increase during pregnancy?

Answer 5

Increased Stroke Volume

• main contributer due to increased plasma volume

Question 6

Up to what stage of oogenesis do cells develop to in utero?

Answer 6

Prophase 1

Question 7

When a baby suckles on a mothers nipple it riggers the release of a compound into the blood that results in the contraction of cells in the mammary glands - resulting in milk being pushed out of the nipple

which compound is this?

Answer 7

Oxytocin

• stimulates milk contraction by triggering contraction of the myoeptihelial cells of alveoi of the mammory glands

Question 8

what compound triggers milk ejection*?

Answer 8

oxytocin

(let down reflex) contraction of myoepithelial cells of the alveoli of the mammary glands

triggered by infant suckling

Question 9

what compound triggers milk production*?

Answer 9

prolactin

Question 10

Where is oxytocin released from?

Answer 10

posterior pituitary gland

Question 11

which hormone causes uterine contraction

Answer 11

oxytocin

Question 12

During pregnancy RBC and HB increase by 20% but why might someone still appear anaemic

Answer 12

50% increase in plasma - haemodilution results in apparent anaemia on FBC

Question 13

why are WBC slightly increased during pregnancy

Answer 13

there is increased neutrophils due to physiological stress induced by pregnancy

Question 14

why does breathing become deeper during pregnancy

Answer 14

effects of progesterone

tidal volume increases - intercostal muscles and diaphragm become more relaxed, allowing for increased inflation of the lungs when breathing

Question 15

Sperm are haploid cells

a. true
b.false

Answer 15

a. true

contain a single set of chromosomes

Question 16

what is responsible for hCG secretion?

Answer 16

syncytiotrophoblast cells of placenta

• hCG stimulates corpus luteum to secrete progesterone

Question 17

Which type of receptor is bound to theca cells on follicles?

Answer 17

LH receptors

• LH causes theca cells to produce androstenedione which is converted to oestradiol by aromatase enzyme in granulosa cells

Question 18

What do granulosa cells do?

Answer 18

convert androstenedione to oestradiol via aromatase enzyme

Question 19

which part of the follicle produces hormones which prepare the womb for embryo implantation?

Answer 19

granulosa cells

• produce oestradiol during menstrual cycle under the influence of FSH

Question 20

FSH stimulates the granulosa cells to change androgen sex hormones, released by theca cells, to estrogen sex hormones.

a. true
b. false

Answer 20

a. true

Question 21

As your follicles grow, granulosa cells continue to produce more estrogen. This results in a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH) from your anterior pituitary.

a. true
b. false

Answer 21

a. true

granulosa cells produce estrogen under stimulation of FSH

Question 22

primigravida meaning?

Answer 22

a women who is pregnant for the first time

Question 23

when can Human chorionic gonadotropin hormone be detected?

Answer 23

8th day post fertilisation and peaks around 60 days

secreted by the chorion and maintains the corpus luteums secretion of oe

Question 24

oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions a. true b. false

Answer 24

a. true

Question 25

why is oxytocin often given to patients suffering from post-partum haemorrhage (PPH)?

Answer 25

the most common cause of post-partum haemorrhage is a failure of the uterus to contract snythetic form - syntocinon (given /IV)

Question 26

What happens GFR during pregnancy?

Answer 26

increases by 30-60%

Question 27

function of leydig cells?

Answer 27

are found in the testes of men and produce testosterone in response to LH

Question 28

function of sertoli cells?

Answer 28

protect and nourish developing sperm via spermatogenic cells

Question 29

what does haemodilution mean? in pregnancy?

Answer 29

it occurs because blood plasma volume increases by 50% but RBC only increases by 20% therefore, the ratio of plasma to RBC is unmatched Hb will be low

Question 30

when is hCG secreted in pregnancy?

Answer 30

by synctiotrophoblasts after implantation which begins days 6-7 completes around day 9-10 after fertilisation

Question 31

when should women take a pregnancy test?

Answer 31

at least 7 days after sex (implantation) but ideally on the 1st day of missed period to maximise the change of an accurate result

Question 32

In the first 4 weeks of pregnancy hCG doubles every 48-72 hours a. true b. false

Answer 32

a. true early plateau or fall may indicate pregnancy problems (ectopic or miscarriage)

Question 33

Why is trace glycosuria common in pregnancy?

Answer 33

due to increased GFR and reduction in tubular reabsorption of of filtered glucose

Question 34

pulmonary ventilation and tidal volume increases during pregnancy a. true b. false

Answer 34

a. true can cause acid-base disturbance : respiratory alkalosis | kidney's can compensate by increasing excretion of HC03

Question 35

Describe the fast block of sperm?

Answer 35

When the sperm first makes contact with the egg, it triggers a rapid influx of sodium ions into the oocyte. This causes a depolarisation of the oocyte membrane, which serves as a fast block to polyspermy by preventing the additional sperm from binding to and penetrating the egg. This change is temporary and not sufficient alone to prevent polyspermy.

Question 36

Describe the slow block against polyspermy?

Answer 36

The release of calcium ions within the egg following fertilisation. the influx of calcium ions stimulates cortical granules in the eggs periphery to release their contents into the perivitelline space. This causes modifications within the zona pellucida (the outer layer surrounding the oocyte) making it impenetrable to additional sperm | more permanent block

Question 37

Stages of sperm fusing with the egg?

Answer 37

1. sperm penetrates the corona radiata (outer layer) via membrane bound enzymes in the plasma head of the sperm. 2. enzymes bind to ZP3 receptor on zona pellucida (next layer) 3. sperm binding triggers acrosome reaction 4. acrosomal hydrolytic enzymes digest the zona pellucida creating a pathway to the ovum plasma membrane 5. the sperm enters the ovum cytoplasm 6. the two cells of sperm and ovum fuse to produce diploid zygote 7. sperm stimulates slow block - inactivates ZP3 receptors

Question 38

after fertilisation , rapid mitotic cell divisions occur of the zygote to produce the embyro a. true b. false

Answer 38

a. true

Question 39

Features of leydig cells in testes

Answer 39

* produce testosterone in response to LH

Question 40

Sertoli cells are elongated in shape a. true b. false

Answer 40

a. true

Question 41

Which cells in the testes secrete ABP - antigen binding protein?

Answer 41

the sertoli cells support the developing sperm during spermatogenesis and form the blood - testes barrier

Question 42

which cells in testes form the blood-testes barrier?

Answer 42

sertoli

Question 43

why do creatinine and urea plasma levels fall during pregnancy?

Answer 43

increased renal perfusion - allows greater clearing of substances from the circulation - greater plasma volume diluting substances