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Medicine year 3 > Combination of repro physiology questions > Flashcards

Combination of repro physiology questions Flashcards

1
Q

Progesterone related effects of pregnancy?

A
  • lower BP
  • constipation
  • ureteral dilation
  • bladder relaxation
  • biliary stasis
  • increased tidal volume

all due to smooth muscle relaxation

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1
Q

What substrate is responsible for lower blood pressure during pregnancy?

A

progesterone

  • relaxes smooth muscle
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2
Q

What marks the change of primordial follicles to primary follicles?

A

Development of the zona pellucida

Granulosa cells have also started proliferating

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3
Q

What are pre-antral , secondary follicles most recognised by feature wise?

A

the development of the theca

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4
Q

Where is hCG mianly secreted from during pregnancy?

A

beta-hCG is produced by the placenta (syncytiotrophoblast cells)

hormone maintains the corpus luteum , which contains to secrete progesterone and oestrogen throughout pregnancy

can cause nausea and vomiting

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5
Q

Why does Cardiac output increase during pregnancy?

A

Increased Stroke Volume

  • main contributer due to increased plasma volume
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6
Q

Up to what stage of oogenesis do cells develop to in utero?

A

Prophase 1

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7
Q

When a baby suckles on a mothers nipple it riggers the release of a compound into the blood that results in the contraction of cells in the mammary glands - resulting in milk being pushed out of the nipple

which compound is this?

A

Oxytocin

  • stimulates milk contraction by triggering contraction of the myoeptihelial cells of alveoi of the mammory glands
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8
Q

what compound triggers milk ejection*?

A

oxytocin

(let down reflex) contraction of myoepithelial cells of the alveoli of the mammary glands

triggered by infant suckling

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9
Q

what compound triggers milk production*?

A

prolactin

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10
Q

Where is oxytocin released from?

A

posterior pituitary gland

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11
Q

which hormone causes uterine contraction

A

oxytocin

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12
Q

During pregnancy RBC and HB increase by 20% but why might someone still appear anaemic

A

50% increase in plasma - haemodilution results in apparent anaemia on FBC

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13
Q

why are WBC slightly increased during pregnancy

A

there is increased neutrophils due to physiological stress induced by pregnancy

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14
Q

why does breathing become deeper during pregnancy

A

effects of progesterone

tidal volume increases - intercostal muscles and diaphragm become more relaxed, allowing for increased inflation of the lungs when breathing

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15
Q

Sperm are haploid cells

a. true
b.false

A

a. true

contain a single set of chromosomes

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16
Q

what is responsible for hCG secretion?

A

syncytiotrophoblast cells of placenta

  • hCG stimulates corpus luteum to secrete progesterone
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17
Q

Which type of receptor is bound to theca cells on follicles?

A

LH receptors

  • LH causes theca cells to produce androstenedione which is converted to oestradiol by aromatase enzyme in granulosa cells
18
Q

What do granulosa cells do?

A

convert androstenedione to oestradiol via aromatase enzyme

19
Q

which part of the follicle produces hormones which prepare the womb for embryo implantation?

A

granulosa cells

  • produce oestradiol during menstrual cycle under the influence of FSH
20
Q

FSH stimulates the granulosa cells to change androgen sex hormones, released by theca cells, to estrogen sex hormones.

a. true
b. false

A

a. true

21
Q

As your follicles grow, granulosa cells continue to produce more estrogen. This results in a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH) from your anterior pituitary.

a. true
b. false

A

a. true

granulosa cells produce estrogen under stimulation of FSH

22
Q

primigravida meaning?

A

a women who is pregnant for the first time

23
Q

when can Human chorionic gonadotropin hormone be detected?

A

8th day post fertilisation and peaks around 60 days

secreted by the chorion and maintains the corpus luteums secretion of oe

24
Q

oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions

a. true
b. false

A

a. true

25
Q

why is oxytocin often given to patients suffering from post-partum haemorrhage (PPH)?

A

the most common cause of post-partum haemorrhage is a failure of the uterus to contract

snythetic form - syntocinon (given /IV)

26
Q

What happens GFR during pregnancy?

A

increases by 30-60%

27
Q

function of leydig cells?

A

are found in the testes of men and produce testosterone in response to LH

28
Q

function of sertoli cells?

A

protect and nourish developing sperm via spermatogenic cells

29
Q

what does haemodilution mean? in pregnancy?

A

it occurs because blood plasma volume increases by 50%

but RBC only increases by 20%

therefore, the ratio of plasma to RBC is unmatched

Hb will be low

30
Q

when is hCG secreted in pregnancy?

A

by synctiotrophoblasts after implantation

which begins days 6-7

completes around day 9-10 after fertilisation

31
Q

when should women take a pregnancy test?

A

at least 7 days after sex (implantation) but ideally on the 1st day of missed period to maximise the change of an accurate result

32
Q

In the first 4 weeks of pregnancy hCG doubles every 48-72 hours

a. true
b. false

A

a. true

early plateau or fall may indicate pregnancy problems (ectopic or miscarriage)

33
Q

Why is trace glycosuria common in pregnancy?

A

due to increased GFR and reduction in tubular reabsorption of of filtered glucose

34
Q

pulmonary ventilation and tidal volume increases during pregnancy

a. true
b. false

A

a. true

can cause acid-base disturbance : respiratory alkalosis

kidney’s can compensate by increasing excretion of HC03

35
Q

Describe the fast block of sperm?

A

When the sperm first makes contact with the egg, it triggers a rapid influx of sodium ions into the oocyte. This causes a depolarisation of the oocyte membrane, which serves as a fast block to polyspermy by preventing the additional sperm from binding to and penetrating the egg.

This change is temporary and not sufficient alone to prevent polyspermy.

36
Q

Describe the slow block against polyspermy?

A

The release of calcium ions within the egg following fertilisation.

the influx of calcium ions stimulates cortical granules in the eggs periphery to release their contents into the perivitelline space. This causes modifications within the zona pellucida (the outer layer surrounding the oocyte)

making it impenetrable to additional sperm

more permanent block

37
Q

Stages of sperm fusing with the egg?

A
  1. sperm penetrates the corona radiata (outer layer) via membrane bound enzymes in the plasma head of the sperm.
  2. enzymes bind to ZP3 receptor on zona pellucida (next layer)
  3. sperm binding triggers acrosome reaction
  4. acrosomal hydrolytic enzymes digest the zona pellucida creating a pathway to the ovum plasma membrane
  5. the sperm enters the ovum cytoplasm
  6. the two cells of sperm and ovum fuse to produce diploid zygote
  7. sperm stimulates slow block - inactivates ZP3 receptors
38
Q

after fertilisation , rapid mitotic cell divisions occur of the zygote to produce the embyro

a. true
b. false

A

a. true

39
Q

Features of leydig cells in testes

A
  • produce testosterone in response to LH
40
Q

Sertoli cells are elongated in shape

a. true
b. false

A

a. true

41
Q

Which cells in the testes secrete ABP - antigen binding protein?

A

the sertoli cells

support the developing sperm during spermatogenesis and form the blood - testes barrier

42
Q

which cells in testes form the blood-testes barrier?

A

sertoli

43
Q

why do creatinine and urea plasma levels fall during pregnancy?

A

increased renal perfusion

  • allows greater clearing of substances from the circulation
  • greater plasma volume diluting substances

Medicine year 3 (6 decks)

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