Paediatric Urology

Question 1

Presentation of urological problems

Answer 1

Fever
Vomiting
Anaemia
HTN
Renal failure 
Pain 
Changes in urine
Abnormal voiding 
Mass
Visible abnormalities 
Incidental 
Antenatal - asymptomatic

Question 2

What is a inguinal hernia?

Answer 2

A groin swelling

Question 3

Which gender gets inguinal hernias more?

Answer 3

b>g 9;1

Question 4

When is there an increased risk of hernia?

Answer 4

Prematurity

Question 5

Treatment of hernia

Answer 5

< 1 y. o 
- urgent referral 
- repair
> 1 y .o
= elective referral and repair 
Incarcerated = reduce an repair on same admission

Question 6

What is hydrocele?

Answer 6

Scrotal swelling

Question 7

Who is hydrocele common in?

Answer 7

Newborns

Question 8

Presentation of hydrocele

Answer 8

Painless
Pain increases with 
- crying
- straining
- evening 
Bluish colour

Question 9

Management of hydrocele

Answer 9

Conservative until 5 y / o

Question 10

What is cryptorchidism?

Answer 10

Any testis that cannot be manipulated into the bottom half of the strotum

Question 11

Types of cryptorchidism

Answer 11

True
Retractile
Ectopic
Ascending testis

Question 12

What is orchidopexy?

Answer 12

A surgery to move an undescended (cryptorchid) testicle into the scrotum and permanently fix it there.

Question 13

Indications for orchidopexy

Answer 13

Fertility 
Malignancy 
Trauma
Torsion 
Cosmetic

Question 14

What is circumcision?

Answer 14

Removal of the foreskin

Question 15

Indications for circumcision

Answer 15

Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans (BXO) - absaloute indication
Balanoposthitis
Religious
UTI

Question 16

Disadvantages of circumcision

Answer 16

Painful

Question 17

Complications of circumcision

Answer 17

Bleeding
Metatal stenosis fistula
Cosmetic

Question 18

What is the acute scrotum?

Answer 18

Scrotal pain, swelling and redness of acute onset

Question 19

Differentials of acute scrotum

Answer 19

Torsion testis 
Torsion appendix testis
Epididymis 
Trauma
Haematocele
Incarcerated inguinal hernia

Question 20

What is the investigation of UTIs done to prevent?

Answer 20

Renal scarring
- reflux nephropathy and chronic renal failure
HTN

Question 21

Who with UTIs are investigated?

Answer 21

All < 6 / 12
Atypical
Recurrent

Question 22

What amount of bacteria is considered a UTI?

Answer 22

> 10 5

Question 23

Presentation of UTI in children

Answer 23

Pyuria
Systemic upset
- fever
- vomiting

Question 24

Investigations of UTI in children

Answer 24

History and exam U
USS
Renogrpahy
MCUG

Question 25

What is Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)?

Answer 25

A condition where urine flows backward from the bladder to one or both ureters and sometimes to the kidneys

Question 26

Management of VUR

Answer 26

``` Voiding advice Constipation Fluids Antibiotic prophylaxis STING - mild / moderate with symptoms Ureteric reimplantation ```

Question 27

What is hypospadias?

Answer 27

Urethral meatus on the VENTRAL aspect of the penis

Question 28

Classification of hypospadias

Answer 28

Anterior Middle Posterior

Question 29

Associated anomalies of hypospadias

Answer 29

Upper tract | Intersex (ambiguous genitalia)

Question 30

Investigations of severe hypospasias

Answer 30

USS

Question 31

What should NOT be done in managing hypospadias?

Answer 31

Circumcision

Question 32

What is phimosis?

Answer 32

Non retractable foreskin

Question 33

What age is phimosis normal and may regress with time?

Answer 33

< 2 y/o