Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Presentation of Down syndrome

A
LD
CHD
hypothyroidism 
immunity 
Early onset Alzheimer disease
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2
Q

Genetics of down syndrome

A

Trisomy 21

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3
Q

What to look at in the examination of a dysmorphic child

A

position and shape of facial features
Hands
Growth of child
general features

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4
Q

What does low set posteriorly rotated ears indicate?

A

Lack of maturity

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5
Q

Types of sizes of head

A

macroencephaly

Microencephaly

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6
Q

What is orbital hypertelorism?

A

Increased distance between eyes

- inner canthal distance ICD and inter pupillary distance IPD increased

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7
Q

What to look at at the eyes to look at a dysmorphic child

A

Hypertelorism
Telecanthus / epicanthic folds
- ICP and IPD increased

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8
Q

What hand measurements are done?

A

Finger length
Digital abnormalities
Palmar creases

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9
Q

Examples of conditions where hand measurements would be altered

A

Marfan syndrome

Down syndrome

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10
Q

How can malformation present?

A

Alone

As part of a syndrome

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11
Q

Features of acrocephalopolysyndactyly

A

Tall forehead
Polydactyly
Syndactyly

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12
Q

Pierre-Robin sequence

A

Small chin to cleft palate

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13
Q

Fetal akinesia sequence

A
Reduced foetal movement
reduced breathing 
contractures
clefting 
lung hypoplasia 
Abnormal limp position
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14
Q

What is deformation and disruption?

A

Pattern of development normal to start with but becomes abnormal

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15
Q

Derformation vs disruption

A
Deformation = Organ parts are there
Disruption = parts of organ / body parts absent
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16
Q

What is association?

A

Two features or more occur together often than expected than by chance

17
Q

VATER of association stands for…

A

Vertebral anomalies
Ano rectal atresia
Tracheo oesophageal fistula
Radial anomalies

18
Q

Genetics of turners syndrome

19
Q

Presentation of turner syndrome

A
Lymphodema 
- puffy feet
- nuchal translucency 
- cystic hygroma 
Increased carrying angle
low hairline 
wide sp nipples
sandal gap 
short stature 
Very mild LD 
Coarctation of aorta
Hypothyroidism 
UTI 
Osteoporosis 
HTN
Primary amenorrhea and infertility
20
Q

Genetic investigations of LD

A

Microarray
Fragile X
Targeted tests driven by phenotype

21
Q

Presentation of 22q11 deletion syndrome

A
Cleft palate
Abnormal facies
thymic hypoplasia/immune deficiency 
calcium 
heart problems
- caused by 22 deletion 
- "catch 22"
22
Q

What is Glut 1 deficiency caused by?

A

SLC2A1 deletion or mutation

23
Q

Treatment of glut 1 deficiency

A

Ketogenic diet

24
Q

Feature of her occiput in downs syndrome?

A

Flat occiput

25
CF is caused by a mutation on which chromosome?
Chromosome 7
26
Inheritance of Prader willi syndrome
Imprinting
27
Describe imprinting
The patient does not have to receive gene from father | The mothers gene may be normal but that does not prevent the phenotype from occurring.
28
What does the phenotype of PW syndrome consist of?
Obesity LDs` Hypotonia Desire to eat
29
What diet should CF patients have?
High calorie and high fat | With pancreatic enzyme supplementation for every meal
30
What is genetic application?
Hereditary diseases have an earlier age of onset through successive generations
31
Examples of diseases with genetic application
Huntingtons | Myotonic dystrophy
32
What is fragile X associated with?
Mitral valve pr olapse
33
Features of fragile X
LDs Macrocephaly Large ears Macro-orchidism