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Paediatrics > Paediatric Growth and Endocrine > Flashcards

Paediatric Growth and Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What are the factors that influence height?

A 
Sex 
Age 
Race 
Nutrition 
Parental heights 
Puberty 
Skeletal maturity
General health 
Chronic disease 
Specific growth disorders
Socio economic status 
Emotional well-being
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2
Q

What are the phases of growth?

A

Infantile
Childhood
Pubertal

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3
Q

What are the different measurement techniques?

A 
Length 
Height 
Weight 
Sitting height 
Head circumference 
Target height and mid parental height 
Bone age
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4
Q

What are the indications for referral fro growth disorders?

A 
Extreme short or tall stature 
Height below target weight 
Abnormal height velocity 
History of chronic disease 
Obvious dysmorphic syndrome 
Early/late puberty
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5
Q

What are the common causes of short stature?

A

Familial
Constitutional
SGA/IUGR

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6
Q

What are the pathological causes of short stature?

A 
Undernutrition
Chronic illness (JCA, IBD, Coeliac)
Iatrogenic (steroids)
Psychological and social
Hormonal (GHD, hypothyroidism) 
Syndromes (Turner, P-W)
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7
Q

What investigations can be used to diagnose growth disorders?

A 
FBC and ferritin 
U&Es, LFTs, Ca, CRP 
Coeliac serology and IgA 
IGF-1, TFT, prolactin and cortisol 
Karyotype
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8
Q

What is the Tanner method of staging puberty?

A 
B 1 to 5 (breast development) 
G 1 to 5 (genital development) 
PH 1 to 5 (pubic hair) 
AH 1 to 5 (axillary hair) 
T 2ml to 20 ml 
SO
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9
Q

What can be used to assess testicular development?

A

Prader orchidometer

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10
Q

What is classed as early puberty in boys?

A

<9 years

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11
Q

What is classed as late puberty in boys?

A

> 14 years

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12
Q

What is classed as early puberty in girls?

A

<8 years

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13
Q

What is classed as late puberty in girls?

A

> 13 years

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14
Q

What are some other causes of delayed puberty?

A

Gonadal dysgenesis (Turner 45X, Klinefelter 47XXY)
Chronic disease (Crohn’s, asthma)
Impaired HPG axis (septo-optic dysplasia, craniopharyngioma, Kallman’s syndrome)
Peripheral (cryptorchidism, testicular irradiation)

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15
Q

What are the features of central precocious puberty?

A

Pubertal development (breast development and testicular enlargement)
Growth spurt
Advanced bone age

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16
Q

What are the features of precocious pseudo puberty?

A

Abnormal sex steroid hormone secretion

Gonadotrophin independent

17
Q

What is the management approach for ambiguous genitalia?

A

Examination of gonads and internal organs

Karyotope

18
Q

What are the causes of congenital hypothyroidism?

A

Athyreosis/ hypoplastic/ ectopic

Dyshormonogenic

19
Q

What is the common cause of acquired hypothyroidism?

A

Autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s)

20
Q

What are the childhood issues associated with acquired hypothyroidism?

A

Lack of height gain
Pubertal delay
Poor school performance

21
Q

What are the assessment tools for childhood obesity?

A 
Weight 
BMI 
Waist circumference 
Skin folds 
History and examination
22
Q

What are the complications of childhood obesity?

A 
Metabolic syndromes 
Gallstones 
Fatty liver disease 
Reproductive dysfunction (PCOS) 
Pancreatitis 
Sleep apnoea 
Left ventricular hypertrophy 
Right sided heart failure 
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease 
Orthopaedic problems
23
Q

What are the causes of childhood obesity?

A 
Simple obesity 
Drugs 
Syndromes 
Endocrien disorders 
Hypothalamic damage
24
Q

What is the treatment for simple obesity?

A

Diet
Exercise
Psychological input

25
Q

What are the symptoms for type 1 diabetes in children?

A 
Thirsty 
Thinner 
Tired 
Using the toilet more 
Return to bed-wetting
26
Q

How can a child be tested for type 1 diabetes?

A

Finger prick capillary glucose test >11mmol/L

27
Q

What are the symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis?

A 
Nausea and vomiting
Abdominal pain 
Sweet smelling "ketotic" breath 
Drowsiness 
Rapid, deep "sighing" respiration 
Coma

Paediatrics (20 decks)

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