Infectious Diseases Flashcards
What are the features of paediatric sepsis?
SIRS + suspected/proven infection Fever of hypothermia Tachycardia Tachypnoea Leucocytosis or leucocytopenia
What are the features of severe paediatric sepsis?
Sepsis + mutual organ failure ARDS Septic shock 2 of the following: Renal failure Neurological failure Haematological failure Liver failure
What are the responsible pathogens for sepsis in neonates?
Group B streptococci
E coli
Listeria monocytogenes
What are the responsible pathogens for sepsis in children?
Strep pneumoniae
Menenigococci
Group A streptococci
Staph aureus
What are the symptoms of paediatric sepsis?
Fever or hypothermia Cold hands/feet, mottled Prolonged capillary refill time Chills/rigors Limb pain Vomiting and/or diarrhoea Muscles weakness Muscle/joint aches Skin rash Diminished urine output
What are the responsible pathogens for meningitis in neonates?
Group B streptococci
E coli
Listeria monocytogenes
What are the responsible pathogens for meningitis in children?
Strep pneumoniae
Meningococci
H influenza
What are the symptoms of meningitis?
Nuchal rigidity Headaches, Photophobia Diminished consciousness Focal neurological abnormalities Seizures In neonates: Lethargy, Irritability Bulging fontanelle ‘nappy pain’
How are diagnostic investigations for meningitis?
Bloods (FBC, CRP, Coag factors, blood gas, glucose) CSF Blood and CSF cultures Urine culture, skin biopsy culture CT head
What is the treatment for meningitis?
Airway, breathing, circulation, glucose
Antibiotics (cephalosporins + amoxicillin in neonates)
Close household contacts
What are the complications of pneumococcal meningitis?
Brain damage
Hearing loss
Hydrocephalus
What type of organism is streptococcus pneumoniae?
Gram positive duplo cocci
How is streptococcus pneumoniae transmitted?
Droplet
What kind of pathogen in H influenza type B
Gram negative bacteria
Can be encapsulated or unencapsulated
What type of infections does H influenza type B cause?
Bacteraemia
Meningitis
Pneumonia
Epiglottitis
Why has the incidence of H influenza and pneumococcal disease dropped?
Vaccine introduction
What are the symptoms of scarlet fever?
Malaise Fever Tonsilitis Exanthema Strawberry tongue Squamation (hands and feet)
What organism causes scarlet fever?
Group A beta haemolytic streptococci
What are the complications of scarlet fever?
Erysipelas, cellulitis, impetigo
Streptococcal toxic shock
Rheumatic fever
Glomerulonephritis
What is the treatment for scarlet fever?
Penicillin 10 days
What are the features of SSSS?
Caused by exotoxins of staph aureus
Fever
Widespread redness
Fluid-filled blisters, rupture easily
What are the symptoms of Kawaski disease?
Fever for 5 days Bilateral conjunctival injection Changes of the mucous membranes Cervical lymphadenopathy Polymorphous rash Changes of the extremities Peripheral oedema Peripheral erythema Periungual desquamation
What is the pathophysiology of Kawasaki disease?
Vasculitis of medium sized arteries
What is the treatment for Kawasaki disease?
Immunoglobulins
Aspirin
Other immunosuppressive agents
What are the symptoms of varicella zoster virus infections?
Mild malaise and fever
Exanthema (papules, vesicles, pustules, crustae)
What are the complications of varicella zoster virus infections?
Secondary staph/strep infections
Meningoencephalitis, cerebellitis, arthritis
What is the treatment for varicella zoster virus infections?
Aciclovir
What are the features of Herpes simplex virus infections?
Stomatitis
Recurrent infections
What are the complications of HSV infections?
Conjunctivitis
Encephalitis
Systemic neonatal infections
Immunocompromised children
What is the treatment for HSV infection?
Self limiting
Aciclovir
What is the cause of hand foot mouth disease?
Enteroviruses; Coxsackie A16 and enterovirus 71
What are the symptoms of hand foot mouth disease?
Exanthema
Painful lesions
What conditions can present with erythematous maculopapulous rashes and fever?
Measles Rubella Enterovirus CMV Epstein Barr virus
What conditions can present with vesiculobullous rashes and fever?
Varicella zoster virus
Herpes simplex virus
Enteroviruses
What conditions can present with petechial and purpuric rashes and fever?
Rubella (congenital)
Enterovirus
CMV (congenital)
What are the warning signs for a more serious varicella zoster virus infections?
High fever
New lesions > day 10
Inflammed lesions
General malaise
