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Paediatrics > Paediatric cardiology > Flashcards

Paediatric cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

How would heart sounds change in pulmonary stenosis?

A

Ejection systolic murmur upper left sternal border with radiation to back

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2
Q

How would mild pulmonary stenosis present?

A

Asymptomatic

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3
Q

How would moderate-severe pulmonary stenosis present?

A

Exertional dyspnoea

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4
Q

How would aortic stenosis present?

A

Mostly asymptomatic

If severe, reduced exercise tolerance, exertional chest pain, syncope

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5
Q

How would aortic stenosis change heart sounds?

A

Ejection systolic murmur upper right sternal border, radiation into carotids

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6
Q

How is coarctation of the aorta managed?

A

Re-open PDA with Prostaglandin E1 or E2
Resection with end-to-end anastomosis
Subclavian patch repair
Balloon Aortoplasty

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7
Q

What is the PDA?

A

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

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8
Q

What is transposition of the great vessels?

A

Aorta and PA switch

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9
Q

How do you manage transposition of the great arteries?

A

Switch procedure

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10
Q

What is Fallot’s tetralogy?

A

VSD
Pulmonary valve stenosis
Misplaced aorta
Right ventricular hypertrophy

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11
Q

What are some consequences of Fallot’s tetralogy?

A 
Blue-tinged skin due to poor oxygen flow
SOB
Syncope
Clubbing
Poor weight gain
Fatigue
Irritability
Heart murmur
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12
Q

What are the 3 main types of ventricular septal defect?

A

Subaortic
Perimembranous
Muscular

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13
Q

What is the direction of shunt in VSD?

A

Left to Right shunt

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14
Q

How does VSD change heart sounds?

A

Pansystolic murmur lower left sternal edge

Sometimes with thrill

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15
Q

How do heart sounds in very small vs very large VSD differ?

A

Very small - early systolic murmur

Very large - Diastolic rumble due to relative mitral stenosis

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16
Q

What is a consequence of very large VSD?

A

Signs of cardiac failure in large VSDs, eventually leading to biventricular hypertrophy and pulmonary hypertension

17
Q

What is Eisenmenger syndrome?

A

Condition that results from abnormal blood circulation caused by a defect in the heart
Usually VSD

18
Q

What is an Amplatzer device?

A

Occlusion device used to close VSD

19
Q

Can surgery be used to close a VSD?

A

Yes
Patch closure
Open heart surgery

20
Q

How might an ASD present in adulthood?

A

AF
Heart failure
Pulmonary hypertension

21
Q

How might ASD change heart sounds?

A

Wide fixed splitting of 2nd heart sound, pulmonary flow murmur

22
Q

What are some other names for AVSD?

A

Endocardial cushion defect

AV canal defect

23
Q

Which genetic condition is associated with AVSD?

A

Trisomy 21

24
Q

What is an ostium primum ASD?

A

Atrial septum near the atrioventricular valves has a communication between the two atrium causing a left to right shunt

25
Q

What is ostium secundum ASD?

A

Usually arises from an enlarged foramen ovale, inadequate growth of the septum secundum, or excessive absorption of the septum primum

26
Q

What is the fate of septum primum?

A

Eventually fuses with the endocardial cushion, closing the ostium primum off completely
Eventually forms part of fossa ovalis

27
Q

What are some changes in foetal circulation at birth?

A 
Pulmonary Vascular Resistance Falls
Pulmonary Blood Flow Rises
Systemic Vascular Resistance is Increased
Ductus Arteriosus Closes
Foramen Ovale Closes
Ductus Venosus Closes
28
Q

How do we treat patent ductus arteriosus?

A

Fluid resuscitation/diuretics
Prostaglandin inhibitors
Surgical ligation

29
Q

What are some prostaglandin inhibitors used for PDA?

A

Indomethacin

Ibuprofen

30
Q

Can PDA spontaneously close?

A

Yes

31
Q

What group is PDA very common in?

A

Pre-term infants

32
Q

What is an umbrella device used for?

A

Closing PDA

33
Q

Which syndrome is associated with co-arctation of the aorta?

A

Turner

34
Q

Which syndrome is associated with pulmonary stenosis?

A

Noonan

35
Q

Which syndrome is associated with supravalvular aortic stenosis?

A

Williams

Paediatrics (25 decks)

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