Common postnatal problems

Question 1

What are some different kinds of birth marks?

Answer 1

Capillary haemangiomas
Mongolian blue spots
Port wine stains
Stork marks
Giant melanocytic naevi
Cafe au lait spots

Question 2

What are the main causes of jaundice in the first 24 hours of life?

Answer 2

Haemolytic

Sepsis

Question 3

What are the main causes of jaundice from 24 hours to 2 weeks after birth?

Answer 3

Dehydration

Poor feeding

Question 4

What are the main considerations in treating jaundice?

Answer 4

Treat underlying cause
Hydrate
Phototherapy
Exchange transfusion
Immunoglobulin

Question 5

What is erythema toxicum?

Answer 5

Maculo-papular rash
30-70% of normal term neonates
Fades by end of 1st week
No treatment required

Question 6

What are Mongolian blue spots?

Answer 6

Blue-grey pigmentation
Accumulation of melanocytes
Lower back and buttocks affected

Question 7

What are stork marks?

Answer 7

Capillary vascular malformations
Commonly at back of neck or midline of face
Gradually fades within 2 years

Question 8

What causes port wine stains?

Answer 8

Naevus flammeus

Question 9

What causes stork marks?

Answer 9

Naevus simplex

Question 10

What are port wine stains?

Answer 10

Dilated, mature capillaries in superficial dermis
Flat or slightly raised
Present at birth, do not regress

Question 11

What are some syndromes associated with port wine stains?

Answer 11

Sturge Weber

Klippel-Trenaunay

Question 12

What is strawberry naevus?

Answer 12

Cluster of dilated capillaries
Appears within the first month after birth
Raised and bright red with discrete edges, Occurring in any part of the body
Usually regress after 1 year

Question 13

When are babies at risk of hypoglycaemia?

Answer 13

Premature
Perinatal stress
Diabetic mothers
Hypothermia
Sepsis

Question 14

Why might bedside blood glucose measuring be inaccurate?

Answer 14

Low or high levels
Poor perfusion
Polycythaemia

Question 15

How might hypoglycaemia present?

Answer 15

Jitteriness
Temperature instability
Lethargy
Hypotonia
Apnoea
Poor feeding
Vomiting
High pitched or weak cry
Seizures
Asymptomatic

Question 16

What can absent/weak femoral pulses indicate in a newborn?

Answer 16

Coarctation of the aorta

Question 17

What are some tests which would be necessary in the presence of a cleft lip/palate?

Answer 17

Hearing screen
Cardiac echo
Genetic testing for trisomies and syndromes

Question 18

Name 2 conditions which can be picked up when checking red reflex and treated if caught early?

Answer 18

Cataracts

Retinoblastoma

Question 19

What could a spinal dimple mean?

Answer 19

Spina bifida oculta

Question 20

What is a cephalohaematoma?

Answer 20

Localised, soft and non translucent swelling over one or both sides of head
Haemorrhage beneath pericranium

Question 21

How do we manage cephalohaematoma?

Answer 21

Usually resolves in 3-4 weeks and no treatment required

Question 22

What is a consequence of a very large cephalohaematoma?

Answer 22

Increased haemolysis results in increased or prolonged neonatal jaundice

Question 23

Is cephalohaematoma associated with IC bleeding?

Answer 23

No

Question 24

How can DDH be managed?

Answer 24

Relocate head of femur
Pavlik harness
Surgical reduction