P1.1: RESPIRATORY: INTRO-COPD Flashcards
Main Functions of Respiratory System
- Respiration
- Regulation of Blood PH
- Voice Production
- Olfaction
- Innate Immunity
1:2 RATIO
A term referring to the ability of the lungs to expand in response to inhalation
Luncg Compliance
System that is primary responsible in replenishing oxygen supply in the body as well as in excreting carbon dioxide to the atmosphere through the process of respiration
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
This system is generally divided into two tracts:
* Upper Respiratory Airways/Tracts
* Lower Respiratory Airways/Tracts
It is the intrinsic characteristic of the lungs to deflate
Elastic Recoil
Refers to the entire process of air flow between the human body and the atmosphere
Ventilation
- Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
- Alveolar ventilation
What are the different receptors in concern to lung compliance
- Stetch Receptors
- Chemoreceptors
- Mechanoreceptors
- Osmoreceptors
What reflex is when once it reaches max expansion, it stops
It sends signal in medulla via venous nerces
Hering Breuer Reflex
Obstructive Diseases affecting the Lower Airways
- COPD
- Bronchial Asthma
Inflammatory Disorders
- Pharyngitis
- Laryngitis
- Sinusitis
WHAT IS THIS TRACT COMPOSED OF
Lower Respiratory Airways/Tracts
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli
Ventilation
Refers to the actual flow of gases into and out of the respiratory tract
Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
WHAT IS THIS TRACT COMPOSED OF
Upper Respiratory Airways/Tracts
- Nose and sinuses
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- During inspiration, the diaphragm and accessory muscles enlarge the thoracic cavity, creating WHAT KIND OF PRESSURE within the chest.
- Air is drawn into the lungs because the intrathoracic pressure (pressure of air within the chest) is (LESS THAN/MORE THAN) the atmospheric pressure (pressure of air in the environment).
- Negative Pressure
- Less Than
Control of Ventilation
The control of respiration involves higher functions from various structures:
- MEDULLA OBLONGATA
- PONS
- CEREBRAL CORTEX
- CENTRAL CHEMORECEPTORS
- PERIPHERAL CHEMORECEPTORS
Ventilation
Refers to the exchange of gases across the alveolar membrane between the respiratory and circulatory tracts
Alveolar ventilation
Controlled by the movement of the chest cavity, the compliance of the lungs and the surface tension within the alveoli
Pulmonary Ventilation
A single cycle of ventilation consists of inhalation (inspiration) followed by exhalation (expiration)
- Refers to the ease with which the lungs are inflated
- Ability of the lungs to expand in response to inhalation
Lung Compliance
The force required to expand the lungs to a particular volume is referred to as WHAT
Compliance
Control of Ventilation
Responsible in the regulation of the rate and rhythm of respiration
PONS
Control of Ventilation
Responsible in the unconscious control of respiration
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
Control of Ventilation
Structure responsible in the conscious control of respiration but can be overridden by the medulla oblongata
CEREBRAL CORTEX
Control of Ventilation
- These are chemoreceptors that are located in the carotid bodies and aortic arch and are very sensitive to changes in oxygen levels
- May assume the primary chemorecptor’s responsibility in the event that the central chemoreceptors fail
PERIPHERAL CHEMORECEPTORS
Control of Ventilation
- These are chemoreceptors that are located near the medulla and are very sensitive to changes in carbon dioxide levels
- These are the primary chemoreceptors that regulate ventilation
CENTRAL CHEMORECEPTORS
FOUND IN BLOOD VESSELS
Explain the process of VENTILATION
- Carbon dioxide readily crosses the blood brain barrier
↓ - CO2 combines with water in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
↓ - the combination of CO2 and H2O results to the formation of carbonic acid which decreases the pH of the CSF
↓ - in the event that there is an increase in the number of CO2 that crosses the BBB, the pH of the CSH gradually decreases
↓ - This decrease in the pH of the CSF is detected by the central chemoreceptors
↓ - The central chemoreceptors then send signal to the medulla hence respiration occurs
Significance: For normal individuals, high carbon dioxide is the main stimulus for breathing
Some of the common pre-sensations of certain respiratory disorders:
- Cough
- Sputum production
- Nasal secretions
- Dyspnea
- Wheezing
- Pain
- It refers to the protective mechanism for clearing the airways
- Can also be defined as the reflexive to irritating stimuli in the tracheobronchial tree or the larynx
Cough
Can be described according to onset as:
* Acute- sudden, short in duration
* Chronic- gradual in onset and longer in duration
* Paroxysmal- periodic forceful episodes that are difficult to control
Determine the grade using the DYSPNEA SCALE
Too breathless to leave the house or
breathless when dressing
4
DEGREE: VERY SEVERE
TYPE OF PAIN:
Pain caused by inflammation of the pleural membranes, is usually catching in nature and produced by movement of the thoracic cage; commonly unilateral and brought on by deep inspiration
Pleuritic pain
What/Who produces sputum
Sputum is produced by the goblet cells as well as the submucosal glands
Normal sputum is clear, thin and averages 100mL/day
Sputum is described in terms of:
- Color
- Consistency
- Amount
Determine the grade using the DYSPNEA SCALE
Troubled with shortness of breath when hurrying on level of ground or walking up slight hill
1
DEGREE: SLIGHT
- A term used to describe the symptom of breathlessness and is a common presentation of respiratory problems
- A subjective symptom and varies from person to person
- Patients do not usually come in complaining of dyspnea but may describe it in a variety of ways
Dyspnea
May be described as: “difficulty catching my breath” or “I can’t seem to get enough air”
TYPE OF PAIN:
Occurs at the connection of the ribs and the cartilage and can be elicited with pressure on the area
Costochondral pain
TYPE OF PAIN:
Transient in nature and worse during coughing
Intercostal pain
Sputum is described in terms of: Color
Creamy Yellow/Rusty = ???
Pink & Frothy = ???
Green = ???
What causes them to produce such color?
Creamy Yellow/Rusty = Staphylococal Pneumonia
Pink & Frothy= Pulmonary Edema
Green = Pseudomonal Pneumonia
Sound produced when airways are constricted by swelling, secretions or bronchoconstriction and where exhalation requires effort
Airways are decreased/bronchoconstricted
Wheezing
Determine the grade using the DYSPNEA SCALE
Walks slower than people of same age because of breathlessness or has to stop for breath when walking at pace on level ground
2
DEGREE: MODERATE
Determine the grade using the DYSPNEA SCALE
Not troubled with breathlessness except
with strenuous exercise
0
DEGREE: NONE
A condition characterized by increased A-P diameter, giving the chest a rounded appearance with the sternum pulled out
Barrel Chest
Determine the grade using the DYSPNEA SCALE
Stops for breath after walking approximately 100 yards after a few minutes on level ground
3
DEGREE: SEVERE
Congenital depression of the sternum that decreases the A-P diameter
Funnel Chest (Pectus Excavatum)
A deformity of the chest wall in which the breastbone and ribs are pushed outward
Pigeon Chest (Pectus Carinatum)
