C6 - CA Intro Flashcards
Although generally used as synonyms for cancer, it simply refers to lump, mass, or swelling; can be a neoplastic mass or accumulation of fluid only.
TUMOR
New growth or tumor derived from previously normal cells undergoing neoplastic changes in which its behavior is more or less dependent of the host.
NEOPLASM
- Abnormal type of growth unresponsive to normal growth control mechanism.
- Abnormal mass of tissue that serves no useful purpose and may harm the host organism
harmful mass, capable of invasion, metastasis
Malignant
harmless; does not spread or invade other tissues.
Benign
Benign Growth Patterns:
It is a reversible increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue in response to a specific growth stimulus
Hyperplasia
Benign Growth Patterns:
It is an increase in cell size resulting in an increase in organ size
Hypertrophy
Benign Growth Patterns:
It is the conversion of one cell type to another cell type not usually found in the involved tissue
Metaplasia
He was the first to describe it as being crab-like in nature
Galen
Medical specialty that deals with diagnosis, treatment and study of cancer.
ONCOLOGY
Benign Growth Patterns:
It is characterized by abnormal changes in the size, shape, or organization of cells
Dysplasia
Malignant neoplasm
CANCER
originated from the Latin word CANCRE ( crab ) because it stretch out in many directions like crab legs
He coined the word carcinoma (tumor that spreads and destroys the host)
Hippocrates
Physician who specializes in cancer therapy.
ONCOLOGIST
INCIDENCE OF CANCER
Cancer is the ____(rank)____ leading cause of death in the U.S. and the ___(rank)___ leading cause in the
Philippines.
2nd; 5th
Cancer Incidence by Site in MEN
- Prostate
- Lung
- Colon and rectum
Cancer Incidence by Site in WOMEN
- Breast
- Colon & rectum
- Lung
Leading Cause of Death by Site in MEN
- Lung
- Colon & rectum
- Prostate
Leading Cause of Death by Site in WOMEN
- Lung
- Breast
- Colon & rectum
These lifestyle behaviors can cause changes in cancer rates.
- smoking
- alcohol intake
- multiple sex partners
Term when Normal cells respect the boundaries and territories of cells surrounding them. They will not invade the territory that is not their own.
Contact inhibition
- The process by which cells divide and reproduce.
- It is an inherent adaptive mechanism of replacing body cells when old cells die or additional cells are needed
CELL PROLIFERATION
Cellular proliferation is controlled by intracellular mechanism:
Under normal conditions, a state of ________ equilibrium is constantly maintained (cellular proliferation = cellular degeneration/death)
dynamic
is constantly maintained (cellular proliferation = cellular degeneration/death). Cellular proliferation is activated only in the process of cellular death or if the body has a physiologic need for more cells (WBC is increased – infection)
normally stop dividing when growth ceases but6 capable of undergoing regeneration with appropriate stimuli
E.g. hepatocytes - In hepatitis, there is selective destruction of parenchymal liver cells — generation of injured cells
Stable cells
CELL DIFFERENTIATION:
No longer capable of undergoing mitosis. They look and act like the parent cell or cell of origin.
Well differentiated cells
- Continue to divide and replicate throughout life, replacing cells that are continually being destroyed.
- Can be found in tissues that have a daily turn over of cells.
E.g. surface epithelium cells of skin, oral cavity, vagina, cervix; columnar epithelium of GIT, uterus, fallopian tube; transitional epithelium of urinary tract; bone marrow cells
Labile Cells
- Can’t regenerate and can’t undergo mitosis
- Once destroyed, they are replaced with fibrous scar tissue that lacks functional characteristics of destroyed tissue.
E.g. nerve cells and myocardial cells
Permanent/fixed cells
- The process of specialization whereby new cells acquire the structure and functions of the cells they replace.
- The more specialized the cell, the lesser is the ability to reproduce or undergo mitosis
CELL DIFFERENTIATION
CELL DIFFERENTIATION:
It remains incompletely differentiated throughout lifespan.
Stem Cells (Undifferentiated stem cell)
CELL DIFFERENTIATION:
They continue to divide and bear they offspring. But it has a limited capacity; it can produce only a single type of cell
Progenitor/parent cells
- Interval between each cell division; it regulates the duplication of genetic information
- Begins when cell is produced through division of the parent cell and ends when cell dies or when cell divides to produce offspring/daughter cell.
CELL CYCLE
Phases of Cell Cycle
- G1 (Gap 1) / Post mitotic phase
- S (synthesis)
- G2 (Gap 2)/Pre mitotic phase
- Mitosis
Phase of Cell Cycle:
Time interval after the formation of cell; precedes DNA synthesis
G1 (Gap 1) / Post mitotic phase
Phase of Cell Cycle:
Process of cell division to give rise to two daughter cells
Mitosis
Phase of Cell Cycle:
Time interval after DNA replication and before mitosis
G2 (Gap 2)/Pre mitotic phase
Phase of Cell Cycle:
DNA replication or synthesis – to duplicate (2 daughter cells — 2 chromosomes, 1 each daughter cell)
S (synthesis)
it is where inactive cells go —reenters cell cycle in response to extracellular nutrients, GF, hormones, blood loss, tissue injury — cell renewal
G0 – Resting phase
Non – dividing permanent cells, neurons exit the cell cycle and unable to undergo further cell division
Cancer cells develop as a result of genetic alteration from one or more causes, resulting in uncontrolled cellular reproduction and growth. When a defective cell divides, the new cell contains the defective genetic code within the DNA. Overtime, defective genes divide and multiply and the malignancy grows
CELLULAR TRANSFORMATION AND DERANGEMENT THEORY
