Introductory Flashcards
The number of people aged over 65 will rise from 390 million now to ____ million by 2025 reaching 10% of the total population.
800 million
Average life expectancy at birth in:
1955 = ?
1995 = ?
2024 = ?
- 48 years
- 65 years
- 73 years
Over 5 billion people in 120 countries today have life expectancy of more than 60 years
In 1997, of a global total of 52.2 million deaths,:
- 17.3 million were due to…;
- 15.3 million were due to…;
- 6.2 million were due to…;
- 2.9 million were due to…; and
- 3.6 million were due to…;
- infectious and parasitic diseases
- circulatory diseases
- cancer
- respiratory diseases, mainly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- perinatal conditions
What are the leading causes of death from infectious diseases?
- Acute lower respiratory infections (3.7 million),
- tuberculosis (2.9 million),
- diarrhoea (2.5 million),
- HIV/AIDS (2.3 million) and
- malaria (1.5-2.7 million).
Most deaths from circulatory
diseases were…
- coronary heart disease (7.2 million),
- cerebrovascular disease (4.6 million),
- other heart diseases (3 million)
Leading causes of death from cancers were those of the…
- lung (1.1 million),
- stomach (765 000),
- colon and rectum (525 000)
- liver, (505 000), and
- breast (385 000)
What disease will remain as one of the leading causes of death worldwide
Cancer
Only onethird of all cancers can be cured by earlier detection combined with effective treatment.
Cases and deaths of lung cancer and colorectal cancer will increase, largely due to ____ and ____ respectively.
smoking and unhealthy diet
but stomach cancer will become less common generally, mainly because of improved food conservation, dietary changes and declining related infection.
Cervical cancer is expected to decrease further in industrialized countries due to ____
screening
The incidence is almost four times greater in the developing world.
Cancer and heart disease are more related to the ____ age group than any other
70-75
people over 75 become more prone to impairments of hearing, vision, mobility and mental function.
These are diseases that are prolonged, do not resolve spontaneously, and are rarely cured completely.
Chronic Illness
Characteristics:
* Permanent impairments or deviations from normal
* Irreversible pathologic changes
* Residual disability
* Special rehabilitation required
* Need for long-term medical and/or nursing management
What Chronic Illnesses is this:
- Patient has to relinquish everyday life interests and activities, let go, and die peacefully.
- Immediate weeks, days, hours preceding death.
Alzheimer’s disease
What Chronic Illnesses is this:
- Affects 1 in 5 people
- One of most common chronic illnesses
Arthritis
What Chronic Illnesses is this:
2nd leading cause of death
Cancer
What Chronic Illnesses is this:
- Affects many older adults
- 3rd leading cause of death
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
What Chronic Illnesses is this:
- Affects about 17 million adults
- Leading cause of death
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
What Chronic Illnesses is this:
- Affects >25.8 million Americans
- 7.0 million do not know they have the disease
- 7th leading cause of death
Diabetes
What Chronic Illnesses is this:
Most common reason older adults are hospitalized
Heart Failure
What Chronic Illnesses is this:
- Affects >35% of adults
- Major contributor to other health problems
Obesity
What Chronic Illnesses is this:
- Affects about 7 million adults, 15%- 30% disabled
- 4th leading cause of death
Stroke
What are the phases of “Chronic Illness Trajectory”
- Onset
- Stable
- Acute
- Comeback Crisis
- Unstable
- Downward
- Dying
OSACUDD
What phase of “Chronic Illness Trajectory” is:
- Active illness with severe and unrelieved symptoms or complications.
- Hospitalization may be required for management
Acute
What phase of “Chronic Illness Trajectory” is:
- Unable to keep symptoms or disease course under control.
- Life becomes disrupted while patient works to regain stability.
- Hospitalization not required.
Unstable
What phase of “Chronic Illness Trajectory” is:
- Signs and symptoms are present
- Disease diagnosed
Onset
What phase of “Chronic Illness Trajectory” is:
Illness course and symptoms controlled by treatment regimen.
Stable
What phase of “Chronic Illness Trajectory” is:
- Gradual return to an acceptable way of life.
- Life-threatening situation occurs.
- Emergency services are necessary.
Comeback Crisis
Seven Tasks of People with Chronic Illness
- Preventing and managing crisis
- Carrying out prescribed treatment regimen
- Controlling Symptoms
- Reordering time
- Adjusting to changes in course of disease
- Preventing social isolation
- Attempting to normalize interactions with others
What phase of “Chronic Illness Trajectory” is:
- Patient has to relinquish everyday life interests and activities, let go, and die peacefully
- Immediate weeks, days, hours preceding death.
Dying
What phase of “Chronic Illness Trajectory” is:
- Gradual and progressive deterioration in physical or mentalstatus.
- Accompanied by increasing disability and symptoms.
- Continuous alterations in everyday life activities.
Downward
An important task for those with chronic illnesses is to ____________ so that desired activities may be continued.
learn to control symptoms
Patients and their families or caregivers need to learn about the pattern of symptoms, such as typical onset, duration, and severity, so that lifestyle can be changed accordingly
What are the Characteristic of Treatment Regimens
- Difficult
- Time consuming
- Painful or uncomfortable
- Unsightly appearance
- Slow rate of effectiveness
What are the 3 Prevention of Chronic Illness
Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary prevention
Prevention of Chronic Illness:
– proper diet, proper exercise, and immunizations
Primary prevention
Prevention of Chronic Illness:
refers to activities that limit disease progression, such as
rehabilitation.
Tertiary prevention
Prevention of Chronic Illness:
actions aimed at early detection of disease that can lead to interventions to prevent disease progression
Secondary prevention
Phases of the Chronic Illness System in Applying the Nursing Process
5 steps
- Step 1: Identifying Specific Problems and the Trajectory Phase
- Step 2: Establishing and Prioritizing Goals
- Step 3: Defining the Plan of Action to Achieve Desired Outcomes
- Step 4: Implementing the Plan and Interventions
- Step 5: Following Up and Evaluating Outcomes
What does SMARTEER stands for?
- Specific
- Measurable
- Achievable
- Relevant
- Time-bound
- Efficient
- Effective
- Rewarding
It is a way of life for a group of people. It includes the behaviors, beliefs, values, traditions, and symbols that the group accepts, generally without thinking about them.
Culture
Cultural Factors Affecting Health and Health Care:
- Time Orientation
- Language and Communication
- Economic Factors
- Health Care System
- Beliefs and Practices
Selected Religious Group with Health-Related Beliefs and Practices
- Amish
- Catholicism
- Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormons)
- Hinduism
- Islam
- Jehovah’s Witness
- Judaism
- Seventh-Day Adventism
- Buddhism
What are the qualities as to How to Develop a Cultural Competence
- Cultural Awareness
- Cultural Knowledge
- Cultural Skill
- Cultural Encounter
Quality as to How to Develop a Cultural Competence:
Ability to understand patient’s unique cultural needs.
Cultural Awareness
Quality as to How to Develop a Cultural Competence:
- Process of learning key aspects of a group’s culture, especially as it relates to health and health care practices
- Patients as the best source of information about their culture
Cultural Knowledge
Quality as to How to Develop a Cultural Competence:
- Ability to collect relevant cultural data
- Performance of a cultural assessment
Cultural Skill
Quality as to How to Develop a Cultural Competence:
- Direct cross-cultural interactions between people from culturally diverse backgrounds
- Extended contact with a cultural group to enhance understanding of its values and beliefs
Cultural Encounter
4 Nursing Management: Reducing Health Disparities and Increasing Cultural Competency
- Nurse’s self-assessment
- Patient assessment
- Cultural Assessment
- Nursing Implementation
