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GCSE BIOLOGY > P1- Organisation > Flashcards

P1- Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

Give examples of some organ systems

A

Respiratory, digestive, nervous, circulatory, reproductive, excretory

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2
Q

What is the order of the principles in organisation?

A

Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, Organism

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3
Q

Explain muscular tissue

A

It can contract to bring about movement

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4
Q

Explain glandular system

A

It can produce substances such as enzymes and hormones

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5
Q

Explain epithelial tissue

A

It covers some parts of the body (e.g stomach lining)

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6
Q

What is the function of the digestive system?

A

To break down food by mechanical and enzyme action

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7
Q

Define mechanical digestion

A

Physically (grinding by teeth) making food into smaller pieces

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8
Q

Define egestion

A

Removal of food from the body that cannot be digested

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9
Q

Define excretion

A

Separation and removal of metabolic waste from the body (e.g urea, carbon dioxide)

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10
Q

Define ingestion

A

Taking food into the alimentary canal (eating)

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11
Q

Define digestion

A

The process of breaking down food by mechanical and enzyme action

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12
Q

What is the mouth’s role in digestion?

A

Teeth= Chew/grind food (mechanical digestion)
Saliva= Contain amylase enzyme to break down big carbohydrate molecules (chemical digestion)

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13
Q

What is the oesophagus’ role in digestion?

A

Long tube carrying food from throat to stomach

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14
Q

What is the stomach’s role in digestion?

A

Churns food and mixes it by contracting muscles walls (mechanical digestion) and containing hydrochloride acid which kills bacteria that may be in the food we eat

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15
Q

What is the small intestine’s (microvilli) role in digestion?

A

Absorb digested food molecules through walls into blood. Has villi increasing surface area for greater rate of diffusion. Thin walls for shorter diffusion pathway, large capillary network to maintain concentration gradient

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16
Q

What is the function of bile in the small intestine?

A

Neutralise small amounts of acid still on food from stomach and emulsify fats so they can be mixed with water

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17
Q

What is the large intestine’s role in digestion?

A

Receive water and water after absorption of useful molecules in small intestine. Water absorbed back into body, waste left goes to rectum where it’s stored ready to be removed from anus

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18
Q

What is the liver and pancreas’ role in digestion?

A

Pancreas releases enzymes which are required for small intestine. Liver filters poisons and toxins from the blood and stores glucose

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19
Q

What does amylase break down and where is it found?

A

Starch to simple sugars, salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine

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20
Q

What does lipase break down and where is it found?

A

Lipids(fats) into fatty acids and glycerol, pancreas and small intestine

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21
Q

What does protease break down and where is it found?

A

Large proteins into amino acids, stomach, pancreas and small intestine

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22
Q

Define enzymes

A

Biological catalysts that speed up the rate of (metabolic) reactions

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23
Q

Explain lock and key theory

A

Enzymes function like locks while substrate (the thing getting broken down) is the key. Each enzyme is a specific shape and will only act on one particular type of substrate. Substrate can fit into active site of enzyme. Products are released from active sit of enzyme and enzyme is ready to be reused

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24
Q

Explain food test for starch

A

Use iodine solution, positive test goes black or blue

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24
Q

Explain food test for lipids

A

Use alcohol (water after) and filter paper, positive test goes cloudy

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25
Q

Explain food test for protein

A

Use biuret reagent, positive test goes purple

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26
Q

Explain food test for sugars

A

Use benedict’s reagent, if positive it goes orange/brick red

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26
Q

Define active site

A

Site on enzyme surface where substrate fits

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27
Q

Define activation energy

A

The minimum amount of energy needed for a collision between two particles to result in a reaction

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27
Q

What factors affect enzyme action?

A

Temperature and pH

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28
Q

What is the maximum/optimum pH for enzyme activity?

A

8

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29
Q

Define optimum temperature

A

The temperature at which the enzyme is working at the fastest rate possible
Optimum temperature = most collisions

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30
Q

What happens when the pH reaches 9 and above?

A

It becomes denatured and the rate of enzyme activity decreases

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31
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

The muscular organ that pumps blood around the body and is part of the circulatory system

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32
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary artery?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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33
Q

What is the function of the vena cava?

A

Brings deoxygenated blood from the body

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34
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary vein?

A

Brings oxygenated blood from the lungs

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35
Q

What is the function of the aorta?

A

Carries oxygenated blood to the body

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36
Q

Acronym for pulmonary artery and vein?

A

A rtery- A way from heart
veIN- IN to the heart

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37
Q

What is the role of the valves?

A

Stop blood flowing backwards

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38
Q

How is the heart a double pump?

A

1st pump- Blood is pumped to the lungs and returns to the heart
2nd pump- Blood is pumped to respiring muscles and back to heart again which means that the blood enters the heart twice for every cycle

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39
Q

What are the roles of the coronary arteries?

A

Deliver oxygen to the heart’s own muscles, blockage causes them to become constricted which reduces blood flow and can cause a heart attack

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40
Q

How is the alveoli adapted in the lungs?

A

One cell thick/thin walls, large surface area, moist and permeable walls (allowing gases to pass through), extensive blood supply, large diffusion gradient

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40
Q

Why does the left ventricle have a thicker wall than the right ventricle?

A

It pumps the high pressure blood around the whole body

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41
Q

What is the function of the red blood cells?

A

Have haemoglobin which helps transport oxygen around the body

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41
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma

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42
Q

What are the adaptations of the red blood cells?

A

Biconcave disc and no nucleas, meaning a large surface area to volume ratio

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43
Q

What percentage composition of the blood do red blood cells make up?

A

45%

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44
Q

What is the function of the white blood cells?

A

Engulf and destroy pathogens, produce antibodies to fight infection, produce antitoxins to neutralise toxins produced by bacteria

45
Q

What are the adaptations of the white blood cells?

A

Have a nucleas, have an irregular shape which can change to engulf pathogens

46
Q

What percentage composition of the blood do white blood cells make up?

A

<1%

47
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

Transports water products (urea and carbon dioxide), hormones, antibodies and nutrients

48
Q

What is the adaptation of plasma?

A

Pale, yellow coloured liquid everything else is suspended in

49
Q

What percentage composition of the blood does plasma make?

A

55%

50
Q

What is the function of the platelets?

A

Helps blood to clot at a wound

50
Q

What is the adaptation of the platelets?

A

Small fragments of cells, no nucleas, change shape

51
Q

What percentage composition of the blood do platelets make?

A

<1%

52
Q

What is blood?

A

A tissue made up of specialised cells

53
Q

Explain the characteristics of an artery

A

Thick walls, small lumen, thick layer of muscles and elastic fibres, no valves, under higher pressure (blood) than veins, carry blood away from the heart

54
Q

Explain the characteristics of a vein

A

Relatively thin walls, large lumen, often have valves, transport blood to heart, lower pressure

55
Q

Explain the characteristics of a capillary

A

Walls are a single cell thick, tiny vessel with narrow lumen, permeable, forms network connecting arteries and veins

56
Q

How do you calculate the rate of blood flow?

A

Volume of blood in artery divided by the number of minutes

57
Q

If the coronary arteries narrow or become blocked- build up of plaque, what can happen?

A

A thrombosis which is the clotting of blood in a blood vessel and could cause a heart attack

58
Q

What happens in a coronary heart disease?

A

Layers of fatty material build up inside coronary arteries, narrowing them. This reduces flow of blood through coronary arteries resulting in a lack of oxygen for heart muscles

59
Q

What two things can be done to treat a cardiovascular disease?

A

Statins or stents

60
Q

Explain what a stent is

A

A stent is a wire mesh tube or balloon to widen the artery allowing blood flow to increase. This results in more oxygen supplied and removal of carbon dioxide

61
Q

Disadvantages of stents

A

A risk of infection from the surgery, complications

62
Q

Advantages of stents

A

Usually effective, no medicine/ everyday expenditure

63
Q

Explain what statins are

A

Drugs that are used to reduce blood cholesterol level to slow done the rate of fatty material deposit in the coronary arteries

64
Q

Disadvantages of statins

A

Could be allergic, could be side effects (liver/kidney damage), easily forget to take, not instantly effective, don’t dissolve the existing plaque

65
Q

Advantages of statins

A

No surgery or risk of infection, simple task to take medicine

66
Q

What happens if you have faulty heart valves?

A

They can be replaced with either biological or mechanical valves

67
Q

What do artificial valves do?

A

Mimic the heart valves, made of materials like plastic that don’t corrode

68
Q

Why might a patient choose a mechanical valve over a biological valve?

A

No need for another replacements after 5 years but biological you would, durable, doesn’t break, no ethical issues, no risk of injection

69
Q

Why might a patient choose a biological valve over a mechanical valve?

A

There is no risk of blood clotting around the valve but mechanical can cause blood to clot

70
Q

What is the role of an artificial pacemaker?

A

Electrical devices used to correct irregularities in the heart rate. Implanted under the skin with a wire which connects it through a vein to the right atrium

71
Q

Advantages of artificial pacemakers

A

Fixes irregular heartbeat, works automatically

72
Q

Disadvantages of artificial pacemakers

A

Requires operation, must be replaced every 10 years, a donor must be found that matches

73
Q

Define non communicable diseases

A

Not transferred between people or other organisms and not infectious. Affect people due to genetics, lifestyle and factors in their environment not pathogens

74
Q

Define health

A

A state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing

75
Q

Define disease

A

A disorder that affects an organism’s body, organ, tissues or cells

76
Q

Define risk factor

A

Something that contributes to increased chances of diseases developing

77
Q

What can diet, smoking and expertise lead to?

A

Cardiovascular disease

78
Q

What can obesity lead to?

A

Type 2 diabetes

79
Q

What can carcinogens lead to?

A

Cancer

80
Q

What can smoking lead to?

A

Lung disease/cancer

81
Q

What can an alcohol addiction lead to?

A

Liver and brain function problems

82
Q

What is cancer?

A

Changes in cells that leads to uncontrollable growth and division. A group of cancerous cells produces a growth called a tumour

83
Q

Define benign

A

Non cancerous tumour cells that grow only locally and cannot spread by invasion or metastasis

84
Q

Define malignant

A

Cancerous cells invade neighbouring tissues e enter blood vessels and metastatasize to different sites

85
Q

Define carcinogens

A

A substance, organism or agent capable of causing cancer

86
Q

Give examples of carcinogens

A

Tanning beds, cigarette smoke, x-rays, coming into contact with ionising radiation, UV rays and certain viruses

87
Q

What are treatments of cancer?

A

Radiotherapy and chemotherapy

88
Q

What is radiotherapy?

A

Using radiation to kill cancerous cells

89
Q

What is chemotherapy?

A

Using chemicals to kill cancerous cells

90
Q

What are human costs of Non communicable diseases?

A

Lower quality of life, shorter lifespan, families of sufferer affected

91
Q

What are financial costs of Non- communicable disease?

A

Cost of healthcare, research into disease reduced due to inability to work, personal care costs

92
Q

What are two examples of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease (COPD)?

A

Bronchitis and Emphysema

93
Q

What is bronchitis?

A

The bronchi and bronchioles are inflamed are excess mucus is produced

94
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Affects the alveoli; walls are broken down and then they trap excess air

95
Q

What are short term effects of alcohol on the brain?

A

Slows reaction time, difficulty walking, impair memory, slurred speech, change in sleep patterns and mood

96
Q

What are long term effects of alcohol on the brain?

A

Brain shrinkage, memory problems, physchiatric problems

97
Q

What is the function of the xylem and phloem?

A

Transport tissues in plants

98
Q

What are the functions of the xylem tissue?

A

Carries water and dissolved minerals from roots to leaves by a process called transpiration, physical or passive process, walls thickened with lignin, composed of hollow tubes providing strength and support to plant, direction is UP

99
Q

What are the functions of the phloem tissue?

A

Carries dissolved foods (sugars)- cell sap from the leaves around the plant by a process called translocation, requires energy (active process), composed of tubes of elongated cells (sieve and companion cells), direction is UP and DOWN

100
Q

Explain what meristems are

A

Unspecialised stem cells in plants, meristem tissue can differentiate into any tissue plant needs, found at shoot and roots of plant

101
Q

What are stomata and guard cells?

A

Control gas exchange and water loss

102
Q

What happens when stoma is open and when it is closed?

A

Open- increased turgor pressure
Closed- decreased turgor pressure

103
Q

What are the roots of a plant?

A

Thick, divided tubes with large surface area, adapted to take water and mineral ions from the soil. Root hair cells on the root tip are tiny projections and increase surface acrea

104
Q

How does water get into a plant?

A

Absorbed from soil through root hairs, transported up the stem to the leaves, evaporated through the leaves (transpiration)

104
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Evaporation of water from the leaves or aerial parts of a plant

105
Q

What is a transpiration stream?

A

Continuous movement of water through the xylem from the roots to the leaves

106
Q

What does transpiration provide plants with water for?

A

Cooling, photosynthesis, support (turgor pressure and prevents wilting), movement of minerals

107
Q

What factors affect transpiration?

A

Light, temperature, humidity, wind

108
Q

How does light affect transpiration?

A

More light= Increased transpiration, photosynthesis increases, stomata opens to allow more CO2 into leaf and water to exit

108
Q

How does temperature affect transpiration?

A

Higher temperature= Increased transpiration, evaporation and diffusion are faster at higher temperatures

109
Q

How does humidity affect the rate of transpiration?

A

Higher humidity= decrease transpiration

109
Q

How does the wind affect the rate of transpiration?

A

Windy conditions= increased transpiration, water vapour is removed quickly by air movement, speeding up diffusion of more water vapour out of the leaf

110
Q

What is translocation?

A

The movement of sugar produced in photosynthesis to all other parts of the plant for respiration, occurring in phloem cells

111
Q

Explain sieve cells

A

Specialised for transport and have no nuclei. Each has a perforated end so it’s cytoplasm connects one cell to the next

112
Q

Explain companion cells

A

Transport of substances in the phloem requires energy. One or more of these cells attached to each sieve tube provide thus energy

GCSE BIOLOGY (7 decks)

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