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GCSE BIOLOGY > P1- Infections and response > Flashcards

P1- Infections and response Flashcards

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1
Q

What are communicable diseases?

A

Spread/ passed on from one person or animal to another. Caused by four main things: Virus, bacteria, protists and fungi

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2
Q

What are communicable diseases spread by?

A

Direct contact, contaminated food, by animals, through the air and through dirty water

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3
Q

Name a disease spread by direct physical contact

A

Chicken pox virus

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4
Q

How is the chicken pox virus spread?

A

Virus, transferred if you touch pus that comes out of spots caused by chicken pox

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5
Q

Name a disease spread by animals or insects

A

Malaria

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6
Q

How is malaria spread?

A

Mosquitoes that take blood caused by malaria from an infected person to someone else who catches it

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7
Q

Name a disease spread by breathing in microbes

A

Common cold

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8
Q

How is the common cold spread?

A

Sneezing, when the sneeze virus that causes the cold is carried into the air in mucus in the sneeze

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8
Q

Name a disease spread from contaminated food

A

Salmonella

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9
Q

How is salmonella spread?

A

Bacteria in food which is killed when cooked, but if not cooked enough the bacteria is still there

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10
Q

Name a disease spread by dirty water

A

Cholera

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11
Q

How is cholera spread?

A

If an infected person goes to the toilet, the bacteria causing cholera passes out in the urine which could mix in with clean water

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12
Q

Name a disease spread by cuts and breaks in the skin

A

Tetanus

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13
Q

How is tetanus spread?

A

Caused by bacteria which lives on dirty objects. If an open cut touches bacteria, it will pass through into the body

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14
Q

Name a disease spread by bites by an infected animal

A

Rabies

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15
Q

How is rabies spread?

A

If an animal is infected with rabies and it bites you, the virus enters your body through bite cut

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16
Q

What is specific defence?

A

Distinguish between pathogens, defend against specific pathogens

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17
Q

What is Non-specific defence?

A

Do not distinguish between pathogens, defend against all pathogens

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18
Q

Examples of non-specific diseases

A

Physical (barriers), Mechanical (motion), Chemical (chemicals), Biological (organisms)

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19
Q

How do human tears defend against diseases?

A

Wash out pathogens and contain enzymes

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20
Q

How does the skin defend against diseases?

A

Tight cell junctions forming a strong barrier, scab over

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21
Q

How does the nose defend against diseases?

A

Mucus traps microbes

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22
Q

How does the mouth defend against diseases?

A

Contains ‘good’ bacteria stopping pathogens from growing

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23
Q

How does the trachea and bronchi defend against diseases?

A

Mucus traps microbes and cilia sweeps them away

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24
Q

How does the stomach defend against diseases?

A

Produces hydrochloric acid

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25
Q

How does the reproductive system defend against diseases?

A

Vagina and urethra are acidic

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26
Q

How does the large intestine defend against diseases?

A

Contains ‘good’ bacteria that stops pathogens from growing

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27
Q

Examples of how communicable diseases can spread in humans

A

Skin (cuts or animal/insect bites, Stomach (contaminated food and drink), Nose (inhaling pathogens), Trachea/ Bronchi (inhaling pathogens)

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28
Q

What is the immune systems main form of defence?

A

White blood cells

29
Q

what are the two types of white blood cells?

A

phagocytes and lymphocytes

30
Q

What do phagocytes do?

A

Engulf microorganisms

31
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

Produce antibodies and antitoxins

32
Q

What do microbes have on their surface?

A

Antigens

33
Q

What are antigens?

A

Specific protein on the surface of pathogens which stimulate an immune response

34
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Proteins that bind to antigens on the surface of microorganisms

35
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

When a pathogen can be ingested by a phagocyte and destroyed after antibodies bind to the antigen

36
Q

What are antitoxins?

A

Chemicals that instead of sticking to the pathogen, stick to the toxins the bacteria is producing and destroy them

37
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

A type of medicine that trains the body’s immune system so it can fight diseases it hasn’t come into contact with before

38
Q

Explain the steps of immunity from a disease

A

A pathogen enters the body, the pathogen secretes antigens making you feel ill, WBCs of immune system create antibodies that destroy the pathogens, same pathogen tries to infect again, immune system remembers how to make antibodies and pathogen is killed quicker, person is now immune to pathogen and unlikely to get same illness again

39
Q

What is immune response?

A

A second exposure to same pathogen causing WBCs to respond quickly to produce lots of relevant antibodies which prevent infection

40
Q

What does MMR stand for?

A

Measles, mumps, rubella

41
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

Majority of population must be vaccinated against serious diseases, which can reduce chance of people coming in contact with specific pathogen, leading to herd immunity

42
Q

What is active immunity?

A

Own antibodies encounter pathogens created by body

43
Q

What is stage 1 of Drug testing?

A

Substance thought to make a good drug tested oh human cells and tissues. This is easy and cheap but doesn’t tell them about how the substance would effect an entire organism or a particular organ

44
Q

What is stage 2 of drug testing?

A

Drug is tested on live animals. Since humans are mammals, our bodies will react similarly to other mammal animals, telling them a lot about efficacy and toxicity of the substances

45
Q

What is stage 3 of drug testing?

A

Give drug to healthy volunteers with a low does to avoid problems. Dose is slowly increased with doctors keeping close eye. Aim is to determine maximum dosage of drug on humans without side effects. If it is ok, it will slowly increase dose looking for ‘optimum dosage’ (efficacy is maximised and toxicity is minimised)

46
Q

Define efficacy

A

How well the drug works

47
Q

Define toxicity

A

How harmful the drug is

48
Q

Define dosage

A

How much of the drug should be given

49
Q

What does preclinical and clinical testing mean?

A

Preclinical- Before being tested on humans
Clinical- Tested on humans

50
Q

What are Monoclonal antibodies

A

Identical copies of one type of antibody

51
Q

Step by step of how monoclonal antibodies are made

A

Mouse injected with specific pathogen and its immune system responds, specific WBCs called B Lymphocytes produce antibodies. Spleen cells which produce the B cells are removed. B cells are combined with tumour cells (which can divide but can’t make antibodies). These are now called Hybridoma cells which can make specific antibodies and are screened to make sure they’re producing the correct one. Hybridoma cells copy themselves and produce antibodies which are called Monoclonal antibodies

52
Q

Examples of uses of monoclonal antibodies

A

Pregnancy tests (bind with hormones), detect illness (antibodies bind to antigens, found on pathogens or blood clots on cancer cells), measuring and monitoring (measure/monitor levels of hormones and other chemicals in blood), research (identify specific molecules in a cell/tissue by binding them with fluorescent dye), treating cancer (bound to radioactive substance stopping cells to grow and divide)

53
Q

Advantages of monoclonal antibodies

A

Healthy cells aren’t affected, treat wide range of conditions, eventually will be cheaper

54
Q

Disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies

A

Expensive at the moment, range of side effects, not widely used, only been developed for 40 years

54
Q

Examples of Traditional drugs

A

Heart drug digitalis, penicillin and painkillers

55
Q

What does heart drug digitalis originate from?

A

Foxglove

56
Q

What does painkillers aspirin originate from?

A

Willow

57
Q

What does penicillin originate from?

A

Penicillin mould

58
Q

Define placebo

A

A fake version of the drug

59
Q

Define double-blind trial

A

Neither patient nor doctor know who has the drug or the placebo

60
Q

Signs of an ion deficiency

A

Stunted growth, chlorosis (discolouration)

61
Q

Characteristics of plant diseases

A

Stunted growth, spots on leaves, decaying, growths, malformed stems/leaves, discolouration, pests

62
Q

How to confirm plant diseases?

A

Website/gardening manual, labs to identify the pathogen, testing kits (using monoclonal antibodies)

63
Q

Name the type of diseases that affect plants

A

Tobacco mosaic virus (viral) ,rose black spots (fungal) and alphids (protists)

64
Q

Characteristics of Tobacco Mosaic virus

A

Stunted growth, mosaic pattern on leaves, discolouration, can’t photosynthesise

65
Q

Treatment of Tobacco Mosaic virus

A

No treatment but can grow TMV resistant crops, have good hygiene

66
Q

Characteristics of Rose Black spots

A

Purple/black spots on leaves, turn yellow and drop, plant weakens, reduced photosynthesis, less flowers

67
Q

Treatment of Rose Black spots

A

Fungicides

68
Q

Characteristics of alphids

A

Penetrate phloem of plants, can carry other diseases

69
Q

Treatment of alphids

A

Chemical pesticides

GCSE BIOLOGY (7 decks)

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