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GCSE BIOLOGY > P1- Bioenergetics > Flashcards

P1- Bioenergetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Word equation of photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide + Water —> Oxygen + Glucose

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2
Q

Define chlorophyll

A

Green pigment that is used to convert sunlight energy into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis

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3
Q

What is an exothermic reaction?

A

When energy is transferred to the surroundings (feels hot)/ Releasing energy/heat

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4
Q

What is an endothermic reaction?

A

When energy is taken in from the surroundings (feels cold)/ Taking in energy/heat

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5
Q

How is the waxy cuticle adapted for photosynthesis?

A

Prevents water loss

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6
Q

How is the palisade mesophyll layer adapted for photosynthesis?

A

Contains lots of chloroplasts to maximise photosynthesis, has a large surface area to maximise light absorption

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7
Q

How is the spongy mesophyll adapted for photosynthesis?

A

Has gaps between cells to maximise gaseous exchange

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8
Q

How are the guard cells adapted for photosynthesis?

A

Open and close to help in gaseous exchange

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9
Q

What are some uses of glucose?

A

Respiration, storage as starch, storage as oils/fats, synthesis of cellulose for cell walls, produces amino acids for photosynthesis which requires nitrate ions from the soil

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10
Q

What are the limiting factors of photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide concentration, light intensity, amount of chlorophyll, temperature

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11
Q

How is light a limiting factor of photosynthesis?

A

Increasing the light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis, until some other factor (a
limiting factor) becomes in short supply.

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12
Q

How is carbon dioxide a limiting factor of photosynthesis?

A

Increasing concentration of CO2 can result in a faster photosynthesis up to a point where it then plateaus

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13
Q

How is temperature a limiting factor of photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthesis increases as temperature increases until the enzyme of each chemical reaction becomes denatured and photosynthesis stops/goes down

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14
Q

Define respiration

A

The process that releases energy from food, energy is not made but released, the energy transferred supplies all the energy

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15
Q

Why does our body need energy?

A

For movement, to keep warm and for chemical reactions to build larger molecules

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16
Q

Define aerobic respiration

A

Occurring in the presence of oxygen and in most cells most of the time

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17
Q

Word equation for aerobic respiration

A

Oxygen + Glucose —> Carbon dioxide + Water

18
Q

What will happen if there is not enough oxygen available in aerobic respiration?

A

Anaerobic respiration

19
Q

Define anaerobic respiration

A

Occurs without oxygen and much less frequently than aerobic respiration. Human muscles can respire anaerobically for short amounts of time

20
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

Cytoplasm

21
Q

Word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals and bacteria

A

Glucose —> Lactic acid (+Energy)

22
Q

What does the build up of lactic acid in the muscles lead to?

A

Cramps

23
Q

What will happen after respiring anaerobically over a longer period?

A

Muscles will fatigue and stop contracting

24
Q

What is anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast also known as?

A

Fermentation

25
Q

Word equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast and plants?

A

Glucose —> Ethanol (alcohol) + Carbon dioxide

26
Q

Define oxygen debt

A

The amount of extra oxygen body needs after exercise to react with the accumulated lactic acid and remove it from the cells

27
Q

Define lactic acid removal

A

Blood flowing through the muscles transports the lactic acid to the liver where it is converted back into carbon dioxide and water

28
Q

Give examples of what happens to the body during exercise

A

Body temperature increases, heartbeat increases, low oxygen (change to anaerobic), breathing rate increases, feel tired, muscles feel fatigued, blood runs faster

29
Q

Define metabolic rate

A

The speed at which chemical reactions take place in the body

30
Q

Explain the body’s response to exercise

A

Body reacts to increased demand for energy, heart rate/breathing rate/breathe volume increases to supply muscles with more oxygenated blood, more aerobic respiration, more energy for expertise over time. If changes don’t occur, more anaerobic and less energy, lactic acid, muscles fatigue

31
Q

What is protein broken down into

A

Amino acids

32
Q

What are carbohydrates/starch broken down into

A

Sugars

33
Q

What are lipids broken down into

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

34
Q

Define metabolism

A

The sum of all of the reactions in a cell or the body

35
Q

How does the heart link to respiration?

A

Pumps blood around the body

36
Q

How does the blood link to respiration?

A

Carries reactants and products of respiration to and from cells

37
Q

How does the lungs link to respiration?

A

Bring air containing oxygen into body and get rid of carbon dioxide

38
Q

How does the mitochondria link to respiration?

A

Site of respiration in the cell

39
Q

How do carbon dioxide and water link to respiration?

A

Waste products of respiration

40
Q

How do glucose and oxygen link to respiration?

A

They are the reactants of respiration

GCSE BIOLOGY (7 decks)

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