P1. Introduction to Teaching. Flashcards
1
Q
- imparting knowledge and skills.
- educating or instructing.
- act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character, or physical ability of an individual.
- ethical tasks or activities to induce learning.
- deliberate intervention that involves planning and implementation of instructional activities and experiences.
A
TEACHING
2
Q
“Clearly, not all learning is dependent on teaching…However, all teaching regardless of quality is predicated on learning…”
A
Brown, 1993
3
Q
“Teaching makes learning possible…”
A
Ramsden, 1992
4
Q
- Process of gaining knowledge or skill by studying, practicing, being taught, or experiencing something.
A
LEARNING
(Merriam-Webster Dictionary)
5
Q
“A persisting change in human performance or performance potential . . . (brought) about as a result of the learner’s interaction with the environment”
A
LEARNING
Driscoll, 1994
6
Q
“The relatively permanent change in a person’s knowledge or behavior due to experience”
A
LEARNING
Mayer, 1982
7
Q
An enduring change in behavior, or in the capacity to behave in a given fashion, which results from practice or other forms of experience”
A
LEARNING
Shuell, 1986
8
Q
What are the three learning theories?
A
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Social Conditioning
9
Q
Classical Conditioning is also known as?
A
Pavlovian Conditioning/Respondent Conditioning
10
Q
Operant Conditioning is also known as?
A
Instrumental Conditioning
11
Q
Social Conditioning is also known as?
A
Observational Conditioning
12
Q
- a reflexive or automatic type
- a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.
A
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING/ pavlovian conditioning/ respondent conditioning
13
Q
- modify behavior through the use of positive (reward) and negative (punishment) reinforcement.
- association between a particular behavior and a consequence.
A
OPERANT CONDITIONING/ instrumental conditioning
14
Q
- type of learning which the learner observes and mimics behavior from the model.
- people can learn new information and behaviors by watching other people.
A
SOCIAL CONDITIONING/ observational conditioning
15
Q
The “HOWs” of Teaching
SMAT
A
Strategies
Method
Approach
Technique
16
Q
- art and science of directing and controlling the movements and activities of the army
- procedures by which objectives of teaching are realized in the class.
A
STRATEGY
17
Q
- a generalized plan for a lesson.
- methods and practices that can be used to engage students for better learning.
- realization of objectives is given more importance than presentation.
- goal directed activities.
A
Teaching strategy
18
Q
8 Teaching strategies:
A
- brainstorming
- case studies
- debates
- discussion
- the flipped classroom
- groupwork
- questioning
- simulations
19
Q
encourages students to focus on a topic and contribute to the free flow of ideas.
A
Brainstorming
20
Q
- ways to get students to practically apply their skills, and their understanding of learned facts, to a real-world situation.
- useful for complex situations & when solutions are uncertain.
A
Case Studies
21
Q
- structured way of exploring the range of views on an issue.
- opposing individuals or teams defend and attack a given proposition.
A
Debates
22
Q
- lets class members work actively with the ideas and the concepts being pursued.
- can be an extremely effective in changing behavior or attitudes
A
Discussion
23
Q
- students complete learning normally covered in the classroom in their own time.
- classroom time is dedicated to hands-on activities and interactive, personalized learning, leading to deeper understanding
A
The Flipped Classroom
24
Q
method of instruction that gets students to work together in groups.
A
Groupwork
25
- **art of asking questions** is at the heart of effective communication and information exchange, which *underpins good teaching*.
Questioning
26
- instructional scenarios where the learner is placed in a "world" defined by the teacher.
- **represent a reality** within which students interact
- teacher controls the parameters of this "world"
Simulations
27
the **broadest of the three**, making **technique the most specific**, and the **method found in between approach and technique**.
Approach
28
**organized, orderly, systematic, and well-planned procedure** aimed at facilitating and enhancing students’ learning.
Method
29
**encompasses the personal style of the teacher** in carrying out specific steps of the teaching process.
Technique
30
- Ways in which you try to engage students with the subject matter
- ways in which you support your students
## Footnote
- mode or manner of teaching
- understanding of how people learn
- understanding of how to facilitate learning
Approach
31
Three types of teaching approach:
According to the?
1. role of teacher
2. nature of learning
3. teacher-learner interaction
32
3 approaches according to the role of teacher:
1. executive approach
2. facilitator approach
3. liberationist approach
33
- views the teacher as **manager of complex classroom processes**
- Focuses on **students gaining knowledge**
executive approach
34
- places a high value on **what students bring** to the classroom setting.
- making **use of students’ prior experience**.
facilitator approach
35
- **notions of liberal education**
- goal is to liberate the mind to wonder, to know and understand, to imagine and create, **using the full intellectual inheritance of civilized life.**
- Fixes student behavior.
liberationist approach
36
4 nature of learning:
discovery learning
conceptual teaching
process writing
unified teaching
37
- takes place in problem solving situations
- draws on his own experience and prior knowledge
- a **method of instruction** through which students interact with their environment
Discovery Learning
38
- learning of specific concepts
- nature of concepts
- development of logical reasoning & critical thinking
Conceptual Teaching
39
- **writing as a creative act** which **requires time and positive feedback** to be done well.
- teacher receives the finished product for correction **without any intervention in the writing process itself.**
Process Writing
40
- **information handler**, being a teacher, a student, or another educational environment, is at the **center of this educational model**
- characteristics of this model are extreme flexibility, integration, ease of interaction, and being evolutional.
Unified Teaching
41
- inquiry-based
- instructional design models
- capitalizes on the **child’s natural curiosity and urge to explore**
- child learns by **personal experience and experiment**
## Footnote
implements experimental work itself.
undertake experimental and investigative work.
DISCOVERY
42
- Choosing and defining the content of a certain discipline
- teaching with no particular steps to follow
- **viewpoint of how facts and topics** under a discipline should be dealt with.
- data collection usually through **research**
CONCEPTUAL
43
- abundance of projects, activities, and instructional designs that **allow them to make decisions and solve problems**
- knowledge that determines its impact on **their attitudes and aptitudes**
PROCESS
44
- breakdown of knowledge to integrated modules of information.
- buildup concepts
- **relational integration** of the information leading to the concept under consideration.
- Check how people learn and then the **resulting model of this is the teaching and instruction**
UNIFIED
45
2 approaches according to teacher-learner interaction:
1. teacher centered approach
2. student centered approach
46
under TEACHER-CENTERED APPROACH:
Direct Instruction
47
under DIRECT INSTRUCTION:
- Formal authority
- Expert
- Personal Model
48
under STUDENT-CENTERED APPROACH:
a. inquiry-based learning
b. cooperative learning
49
under inquiry-based learning:
- facilitator
- personal model
- delegator
50
under cooperative learning:
- facilitator
- delegator
51
- **primary role of teachers to pass knowledge and information** onto their students
- **focus only on the teacher**
teacher-centered approach
52
relies on **explicit teaching** through lectures and teacher-led demonstrations
direct instruction
53
teachers in a **position of power & authority** because of their exemplary knowledge and status over their students.
## Footnote
are **traditional** and **focus on rules and expectations.**
Formal Authority
## Footnote
Classroom management styles
54
- teachers are in **possession of all knowledge and expertise** within the classroom.
- primary role: **guide & direct students**
- students: **receptors of knowledge & information** [empty vessels]
Expert
55
- teachers who **lead by example**.
- demonstrating to students how to access and comprehend information.
- students learn through observing and copying the teacher’s process.
Personal Model
56
- **Student learning** is **continuously measured during teacher instruction**.
- **equal focus** on teacher & student.
Student-centered approach
57
- focuses on **student investigation** and **hands-on learning**
- **case studies & debates** are included.
- Teacher’s primary role is that of a **facilitator**, providing **guidance and support** for students through the learning process.
Inquiry-Based Learning
58
- places a strong emphasis on the teacher-student relationship.
- open classroom model.
- de-emphasis on teacher instruction.
- **both student and educators undergo the learning process together**.
- focused on fostering **independence, hands-on learning, and exploration.**
Facilitator
59
- **Teachers act as a “resource”** to students, answering questions and reviewing their progress as needed.
- **Teachers play a passive role** in student’s learning
- MAIN GOAL: **FOSTER A SENSE OF AUTONOMY** in the learning process.
Delegator
60
- emphasizes **group work** and a **strong sense of community**.
- **think-pair-share**
Cooperative Learning
61
- directly related to the **presentation of the lesson**.
- tact of the teacher.
- ways to implement approach.
METHOD/ Method of Teaching
62
Four Methods of Presenting the Subject Matter:
| TDVM
telling method
doing method
visual method
mental method
63
Lecture method, discussion method, story-telling method and so on.
Telling Method
64
- application
- Project method, problem solving method, textbook method and so on.
Doing Method
65
Demonstration method, supervised study method and so on.
Visual Method
66
Inductive, deductive, analysis, synthesis method etc
Mental Method
67
- procedure by which **new knowledge fixed in the minds of students permanently**.
- a teacher **does extra activities in the class**.
- activities help the teacher to take shift from one strategy to another
TECHNIQUES
68
encompasses all the **materials and physical means** an instructor might **use to implement instruction and facilitate students' achievement of instructional objectives**.
- chalkboards
- handouts
- charts
- slides
- overheads
- real objects
- videotape
- film
- etc............
Instructional Media (Techniques)
69
it can **facilitate learning or increase understanding** of your material
Instructional Media
70
Among the implicit goals that media can help achieve are the following:
1. attracting attention
2. developing interest
3. adjusting the learning
4. promoting acceptance of the idea
71
helps students **visualize a lesson and transform abstract concepts** into concrete, easier to remember concepts.
Instructional Media
72
**excellent way to pose assessment questions** for the class to answer or **give students task to complete**.
Media
73
6 types of instructional media:
projected media
non-projected media
audio media
motion media
hyper media
gaming media
74
* Instructional materials that **require projection and
electricity in their using process.**
* Slides, filmstrips, and overheads
PROJECTED MEDIA
75
* Instructional materials that **do not require process of projection** before its operation can take place.
* Photographs, diagrams, and displays.
NON-PROJECTED MEDIA
76
Cassettes and compact discs.
AUDIO MEDIA
77
- Videos, computer mediated instruction, and television.
- Offer **supplemental instruction.**
- Experience concepts in a manner that is not
available in “real life”.
MOTION MEDIA
78
- Computer networks, software, and the Internet.
- Offer resources beyond the library
- Develop computer and word processing skills
- Offer **interactive learning**
HYPER MEDIA
79
- Computer games
- Provide a **playful environment for learning**
- Structure **learning through rules**
- Motivating for tedious or repetitive content
- Uses **problem solving skills**
GAMING MEDIA
80
