P1. Introduction to Teaching. Flashcards
- imparting knowledge and skills.
- educating or instructing.
- act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character, or physical ability of an individual.
- ethical tasks or activities to induce learning.
- deliberate intervention that involves planning and implementation of instructional activities and experiences.
TEACHING
“Clearly, not all learning is dependent on teaching…However, all teaching regardless of quality is predicated on learning…”
Brown, 1993
“Teaching makes learning possible…”
Ramsden, 1992
- Process of gaining knowledge or skill by studying, practicing, being taught, or experiencing something.
LEARNING
(Merriam-Webster Dictionary)
“A persisting change in human performance or performance potential . . . (brought) about as a result of the learner’s interaction with the environment”
LEARNING
Driscoll, 1994
“The relatively permanent change in a person’s knowledge or behavior due to experience”
LEARNING
Mayer, 1982
An enduring change in behavior, or in the capacity to behave in a given fashion, which results from practice or other forms of experience”
LEARNING
Shuell, 1986
What are the three learning theories?
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Social Conditioning
Classical Conditioning is also known as?
Pavlovian Conditioning/Respondent Conditioning
Operant Conditioning is also known as?
Instrumental Conditioning
Social Conditioning is also known as?
Observational Conditioning
- a reflexive or automatic type
- a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING/ pavlovian conditioning/ respondent conditioning
- modify behavior through the use of positive (reward) and negative (punishment) reinforcement.
- association between a particular behavior and a consequence.
OPERANT CONDITIONING/ instrumental conditioning
- type of learning which the learner observes and mimics behavior from the model.
- people can learn new information and behaviors by watching other people.
SOCIAL CONDITIONING/ observational conditioning
The “HOWs” of Teaching
SMAT
Strategies
Method
Approach
Technique
- art and science of directing and controlling the movements and activities of the army
- procedures by which objectives of teaching are realized in the class.
STRATEGY
- a generalized plan for a lesson.
- methods and practices that can be used to engage students for better learning.
- realization of objectives is given more importance than presentation.
- goal directed activities.
Teaching strategy
8 Teaching strategies:
- brainstorming
- case studies
- debates
- discussion
- the flipped classroom
- groupwork
- questioning
- simulations
encourages students to focus on a topic and contribute to the free flow of ideas.
Brainstorming
- ways to get students to practically apply their skills, and their understanding of learned facts, to a real-world situation.
- useful for complex situations & when solutions are uncertain.
Case Studies
- structured way of exploring the range of views on an issue.
- opposing individuals or teams defend and attack a given proposition.
Debates
- lets class members work actively with the ideas and the concepts being pursued.
- can be an extremely effective in changing behavior or attitudes
Discussion
- students complete learning normally covered in the classroom in their own time.
- classroom time is dedicated to hands-on activities and interactive, personalized learning, leading to deeper understanding
The Flipped Classroom
method of instruction that gets students to work together in groups.
Groupwork
- art of asking questions is at the heart of effective communication and information exchange, which underpins good teaching.
Questioning
- instructional scenarios where the learner is placed in a “world” defined by the teacher.
- represent a reality within which students interact
- teacher controls the parameters of this “world”
Simulations
the broadest of the three, making technique the most specific, and the method found in between approach and technique.
Approach
organized, orderly, systematic, and well-planned procedure aimed at facilitating and enhancing students’ learning.
Method
encompasses the personal style of the teacher in carrying out specific steps of the teaching process.
Technique
- Ways in which you try to engage students with the subject matter
- ways in which you support your students
- mode or manner of teaching
- understanding of how people learn
- understanding of how to facilitate learning
Approach
Three types of teaching approach:
According to the?
1. role of teacher
2. nature of learning
3. teacher-learner interaction
3 approaches according to the role of teacher:
- executive approach
- facilitator approach
- liberationist approach