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GCSE PHYSICS > P1- Atomic structure > Flashcards

P1- Atomic structure Flashcards

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1
Q

Radius of an atom

A

1 x 10^-10

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2
Q

Definition of isotopes

A

Atoms with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

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3
Q

Democritus’ Atomic theory (500BC)

A

Small spheres that make up everything

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4
Q

John Dalton’s ‘solid spheres’ (1800s)

A

Different solid spheres that are unique to each element

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5
Q

JJ Thompson’s Plum Pudding model (1897)

A

A ball of positive charge with negative electrons embedded within. An even distribution of charge and mass

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6
Q

Ernst Rutherford’s Nuclear model (1909)

A

Tried the Gold foil alpha scattering experiment. Found that most of the mass of the atom must be concentrated at the centre in a tiny positively charged nucleas. Most of the atom is empty space.

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7
Q

Niels Bohr’s Planetary model (1913)

A

Discovered electron shells/energy levels which were fixed distances away from the nucleus

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8
Q

Ernst Rutherford discovery (1913)

A

Discovered protons which made up a nucleus. All proton particles had the same positive charge adding to the overall charge of the nucleus

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9
Q

James Chadwick discovery (1932)

A

Proved the existence of the neutron, which explained the imbalance between the atomic and mass number

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10
Q

Where can electrons move in the atom

A

Within the energy levels

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11
Q

What happens if an atom gains energy by absorbing EM radiation

A

Move to a higher energy level (further away from nucleus)

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12
Q

What happens if an atom loses energy by releasing EM radiation

A

Move to a lower energy level (closer to the nucleus)

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13
Q

What is radioactive decay

A

Unstable isotopes tend to decay into other elements and give out radiation as they try to become more stable

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14
Q

What types of ionising radiation do radioactive substances spit out

A

Alpha, beta and gamma radiation (or sometimes neutrons)

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15
Q

What is ionising radiation

A

Radiation that knocks electrons off atoms, creating positive ions

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16
Q

Radiation emission is…

A

Completely random

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17
Q

What does radiation emission being completely random mean

A

You can never predict when a sample will decay and give off radiation

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18
Q

How can you approximately predict how many decays emitted from a source over an extended period of time

A

Calculating its half life

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19
Q

What does ionising mean

A

How dangerous radiation is

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20
Q

What is an alpha particle

A

Two protons and two neutrons (like a helium nucleus)

21
Q

The range in air for an alpha particle

A

A few centimetres

22
Q

The penetrating power for an alpha particle

A

Low

23
Q

What is an alpha particle stopped/absorbed by

A

A sheet of paper, Skin

24
Q

The ionising power for an alpha particle

A

Srongly ionising

25
Q

What is a beta particle

A

High speed electrons released by the nucleus. They have virtually no mass.

26
Q

The range in air for a beta particle

A

A few metres

27
Q

The penetrating power of a beta particle

A

Moderate

28
Q

What is a beta particle stopped/ absorbed by

A

Around 5mm of aluminium

29
Q

The ionising power of a beta particle

A

Moderately ionising

30
Q

What is a gamma particle

A

Waves of high frequency Electromagnetic radiation released by the nucleus

31
Q

The range in air for a gamma particle

A

Infinite (can travel through space)

32
Q

The penetrating power of a gamma particle

A

High

33
Q

What are gamma particles stopped/ absorbed by

A

Thick sheets of lead or multiple metres of concrete

34
Q

The ionising power of gamma particles

A

Weakly ionsing

35
Q

What are nuclear equations

A

Ways of showing radioactive decay by using element symbols and alpha/beta/gamma particles

36
Q

Mass number of alpha particle

A

4

37
Q

Atomic number of alpha particle

A

2

38
Q

Mass number of beta particle

A

0

39
Q

Atomic number of beta particle

A

-1

40
Q

Mass number of gamma particle

A

0

41
Q

Atomic number of gamma particle

A

0

42
Q

What are gamma rays a way of getting rid of

A

Excess energy from the nucleus

43
Q

What can radiation be measured with

A

A Geiger-Muller tube and counter which records count rate (number of radiation counts reaching it per second)

44
Q

Definition of Half-Life

A

The time it takes for a number of radioactive nuclei or the count rate in a sample to decrease by half/ 50%

45
Q

What happens when a radioactive nucleus decays to become a stable nucleus

A

The activity as a whole decreases

46
Q

Why are sources with a short half life dangerous at the start

A

Because of the high amount of radiation they emit at the start, but then they quickly become safe

47
Q

What is Background radiation

A

The low-level radiation that’s around us all the time

48
Q
A

GCSE PHYSICS (8 decks)

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