P1 Flashcards
Foal
(N.)
A very young horse or donkey
کره
Sniff
(V.)
To breathe air in through your nose in a way that makes a sound, especially when you are crying, have a cold, etc.
We all had colds and couldn’t stop sniffing and sneezing.
She sniffed a little and dabbed at her eyes.
To breathe air in through the nose in order to discover or enjoy the smell of something Syn smell •sniff something sniffing the fresh morning air to sniff glue •sniff (at something) The dog sniffed at my shoes.
+ speech | sniff (something): To say something in a complaining or disapproving way
‘It’s hardly what I’d call elegant,’ she sniffed.
Snip
(V.)
To cut something with scissors using short quick strokes
•snip something
Snip a tiny hole in the paper.
•snip (at/through something)
She snipped at the loose threads hanging down.
She snipped at the stitching.
Fin
(N.)
A thin flat part that sticks out from the body of a fish, used for swimming and keeping balance
باله
A thin flat part that sticks out from the body of a vehicle, an aircraft, etc., used for improving its balance and movement
tail fins
Arcade
(N.)
A covered passage with arches along the side of a row of buildings (usually a row of shops/stores)
A covered passage between streets, with shops/stores on either side
(also shopping arcade) (both BrE) A large building with a number of shops/stores in it compare shopping mall
(BrE also amusement arcade) A place where you can play games on machines which you use coins to operate
arcade games
Accommodate
(V.)
Accommodate somebody: To provide somebody with a room or place to sleep, live or sit
The hotel can accommodate up to 500 guests.
The aircraft is capable of accommodating 28 passengers.
Accommodate somebody/something: To provide enough space for somebody/something
Over 70 minutes of music can be accommodated on one CD.
The old town hall now accommodates a Folk Museum.
Accommodate something (formal): To consider something, such as somebody’s opinion or a fact, and be influenced by it when you are deciding what to do or explaining something
Our proposal tries to accommodate the special needs of minority groups.
She modified her views so as to accommodate the objections of American feminists.
Accommodate somebody (with something) (formal): To help somebody by doing what they want
Syn oblige
I have accommodated the press a great deal, giving numerous interviews.
I’m sure the bank will be able to accommodate you.
Accommodate (something/yourself) to something (formal): To change your behaviour so that you can deal with a new situation better
I needed to accommodate to the new schedule.
Telecommute
(V.)
To work from home, communicating with your office, customers and others by telephone, email, etc.
Car pool
(N.)
A group of car owners who take turns to drive everyone in the group to work, so that only one car is used at a time
(BrE) (also motor pool USE, BrE) a Group of cars owned by a company or an organization, that its staff can use
Flexitime
(N.)
(especially British English)
(usually AmE flextime)
A system in which employees work a particular number of hours each week or month but can choose when they start and finish work each day
She works flexitime.
Whereby
(Ad.)
(formal)
By which; because of which
They have introduced a new system whereby all employees must undergo regular training.
به وسیله آن، به موجب آن
Congestion pricing
Congestion charging
(N.)
(BrE)
The policy of making people pay an amount of money for driving their cars into the centre of some cities as a way of stopping the city centre from becoming too full of traffic
Gridlock
(N.)
A situation in which there are so many cars in the streets of a town that the traffic cannot move at all
It’s gridlock between 6.30 and 9.00.
The protest march created gridlock.
(usually in politics) A situation in which people with different opinions are not able to agree with each other and so no action can be taken
Congress is in gridlock.
Commuter
(N.)
A person who travels into a city to work each day, usually from quite far away
The five o’clock train is always packed with commuters.
(BrE) The commuter belt (= the area around a city where people live and from which they travel to work in the city)
Off peak
(Adj.)
(Adv.)
Happening or used at a time that is less popular or busy, and therefore cheaper
off-peak electricity/travel (adj.)
Phone calls cost 20c per unit off-peak.(adv.
Lounge
(N.)
A room for waiting in at an airport, etc.
the departure lounge
A public room in a hotel, club, etc. for waiting or relaxing in
the television lounge
(BrE) A room in a private house for sitting and relaxing in
Syn living room, sitting room
(BrE) lounge bar
Key ring
(N.)
A small ring that you put keys on to keep them together
Felt-tipped pen
Felt-tip pen
(N.)
A pen with a writing point made of felt or other tightly packed fibres.
A pen that holds quick-drying ink conveyed to a writing surface by means of a felt nib. Also called felt pen.
خودکار نمدی
روان نویس
Steward
(N.)
A man whose job is to take care of passengers on a ship, an aircraft or a train and who brings them meals, etc.
a ship’s steward
A person who helps to organize a large public event, for example a race, public meeting, etc.
Syn marshal
A person whose job is to arrange for the supply of food to a college, club, etc.
A person employed to manage another person’s property, especially a large house or land
Staircase
(N.)
A set of stairs inside a building including the posts and rails (= banisters) that are fixed at the side
A marble/stone/wooden stairca
Full-length
(Adj.)
(of a mirror or picture) Showing the whole of a person’s body
a full-length portrait
(of a book, play, etc.) Not made shorter; of the usual length
a full-length novel
(of curtains or a window) Reaching the ground
(of clothing) Reaching a person’s ankles
a full-length skirt
Cater
(V.)
To provide food and drinks for a social event
•(BrE) cater for somebody/something
Most of our work now involves catering for weddings.
•(AmE) cater something
Who will be catering the wedding?
Board
(V.)
get on plane/ship, etc. :
(formal) To get on a ship, train, plane, bus, etc.
Passengers are waiting to board.
•board something
The ship was boarded by customs officials.
Be boarding: When a plane or ship is boarding, it is ready for passengers to get on
Flight BA193 for Paris is now boarding at Gate 37.
live somewhere:
Board at…/with somebody: To live and take meals in somebody’s home, in return for payment
She always had one or two students boarding with her.
He boarded at his aunt’s house until he found a place of his own.
To live at a school during the school year
On-board
(N.)
On a ship, aircraft or vehicle
an on-board motor
(also onboard) (computing) Relating to, or controlled by, part of the main circuit board
a PC with onboard sound
Aboard
(Ad.)
On or onto a ship, plane, bus or train
Syn on board
We went aboard.
He was already aboard the plane.
The plane crashed, killing all 157 passengers aboard.
All aboard! (= the bus, boat, etc. is leaving soon)
Welcome aboard! (= used to welcome passengers or a person joining a new organization, etc.)
Deck
(N.)
The top outside floor of a ship or boat
I was the only person on deck at that time of night.
As the storm began, everyone disappeared below deck(s).
One of the floors of a ship or a bus
the upper/lower/main deck of a ship
We sat on the top deck of the bus.
My cabin is on deck C.
(also deck of cards) (both especially AmE) (especially BrE pack) A complete set of 52 playing cards
A wooden floor that is built outside the back of a house where you can sit and relax
A part of a sound system that records and/or plays sounds on a disc or tape
a cassette/tape deck
Wicked
(Adj.)
(wickeder, wickedest)
(You can also use more wicked and most wicked)
Morally bad
Syn evil
a wicked deed
stories about a wicked witch
(informal) Slightly bad but in a way that is amusing and/or attractive
Syn mischievous
a wicked grin
Jane has a wicked sense of humour.
Dangerous, harmful or powerful
He has a wicked punch.
a wicked-looking knife
(slang) Very good
This song’s wicked.
Soil
(N.) The top layer of the earth in which plants, trees, etc. grow poor/dry/acid/sandy/fertile, etc. soil the study of rocks and soils soil erosion
(literary) A country; an area of land
It was the first time I had set foot on African soil.
Downside
(N.)
The disadvantages or less positive aspects of something Opposite upside
Get something off one’s chest
(informal)
Say something that one has wanted to say for a long time, resulting in a feeling of relief.
“tell me about it, get it off your chest”
Spring sth on sb
(phrasal verb)
To suddenly tell or ask someone something when they do not expect it:
I hope he’s not going to spring any nasty surprises on us at the meeting this morning.
Dump
(V.)
get rid of:
Dump something: To get rid of something you do not want, especially in a place which is not suitable
Too much toxic waste is being dumped at sea.
The dead body was just dumped by the roadside.
Dump somebody/something (on somebody) (informal): To get rid of somebody/something or leave them for somebody else to deal with
He’s got no right to keep dumping his problems on me.
Dump something (business): To get rid of goods by selling them at a very low price, often in another country
put down:
Dump something: To put something down in a careless or untidy way
Just dump your stuff over there—we’ll sort it out later.
end relationship
Dump somebody (informal): To end a romantic relationship with somebody
Did you hear he’s dumped his girlfriend?
Why do you want to dump me
computing:
Dump something: To copy information and move it somewhere to store it
Be in seventh heaven
(informal)
To be extremely happy
Since they got married, they’ve been in seventh heaven.
Let yourself go
(informal)
To allow yourself to become less attractive or healthy
It’s easy to let yourself go when you’ve got small kids.
To relax completely and enjoy yourself
It’s a party - let yourself go!
To drive someone up the wall
(informal)
Make someone very irritated or angry.
“it’s driving me up the wall trying to find out who did what”
To grow out of something
(phrasal verb)
develop:
To develop from something that happened or existed before
The new law grew out of people’s dissatisfaction with the election results.
stop liking:
To stop having an interest in something or stop doing something as you become older
He wants to be a rapper, but I think he’ll grow out of it.
stop fitting
To become too tall or too big to wear or use something
Mom said she wasn’t going to buy me something I was going to grow out of next week.
Figure
(V.)
be important:
To be part of a process, situation, etc. especially an important part
Syn feature
My feelings about the matter didn’t seem to figure at all.
•figure (as something) (in/on/among something)
Do I still figure in your plans?
The question of the peace settlement is likely to figure prominently in the talks.
It did not figure high on her list of priorities.
think/decide:
(informal) To think or decide that something will happen or is true
•figure (that)…
I figured (that) if I took the night train, I could be in Scotland by morning.
We figured the sensible thing to do was to wait.
•figure something
That’s what I figured.
•figure why, whether, etc…
He tried to figure why she had come.
calculate
Figure something (at something)(AmE): To calculate an amount or the cost of something
We figured the attendance at 150 000.
Souk
(N.)
A market in an Arab country
Prosper
(V.)
To develop in a successful way; to be successful, especially in making money
Syn thrive
The economy prospered under his administration.
She seems to be prospering since she moved out of the city.
Retail
(N.)
The selling of goods to the public, usually through shops/stores
The recommended retail price is £9.99.
department stores and other retail outlets
the retail trade
Opposition
(N.)
Opposition (to somebody/something): The act of strongly disagreeing with somebody/something, especially with the aim of preventing something from happening
Delegates expressed strong opposition to the plans.
The army met with fierce opposition in every town.
We cannot back down at the first sign of opposition.
He spent five years in prison for his opposition to the regime.
opposition forces (= people who are arguing, fighting, etc. with another group)
The opposition: The people you are competing against in business, a competition, a game, etc.
He’s gone to work for the opposition.
The opposition is/are mounting a strong challenge to our business.
Liverpool couldn’t match the opposition in the final and lost 2–0.
The Opposition (AmE the opposition): The main political party that is opposed to the government; the political parties that are in a parliament but are not part of the government
the leader of the Opposition
Opposition MPs/parties
the Opposition spokesman on education
(formal) The state of being as different as possible; two things that are as different as possible
the opposition between good and evil
His poetry is full of oppositions and contrasts.
Apparently
(Adv.)
According to what you have heard or read; according to the way something appears
ظاهرا
Apparently they are getting divorced soon.
I thought she had retired, but apparently she hasn’t.
He paused, apparently lost in thought.
Line up
phrasal verb
Line up:
To stand in a line or row; to form a queue / line
Line up, children!
Cars lined up waiting to board the ship.
Line somebody/something up:
To arrange people or things in a straight line or row
The suspects were lined up against the wall.
He lined the bottles up along the shelf.
To arrange for an event or activity to happen, or arrange for somebody to be available to do something
Mark had a job lined up when he left college.
I’ve got a lot lined up this week (= I’m very busy).
She’s lined up a live band for the party.
Line something up (with something):
To move one thing into a correct position in relation to another thing
To get good TV reception, the dish must be accurately lined up with the satellite.
Current (N.)
(N.)
The movement of water in the sea or a river; the movement of air in a particular direction
He swam to the shore against a strong current.
Birds use warm air currents to help their flight.
The flow of electricity through a wire, etc.
a 15 amp electrical current
The fact of particular ideas, opinions or feelings being present in a group of people
Ministers are worried by this current of anti-government feeling.
Fastener
(N.)
(also fastening)
A device, such as a button or a zip / zipper, used to close a piece of clothing; a device used to close a window, suitcase, etc. tightly
بست
buttons, zippers and other fasteners
Fuselage
(N.)
The main part of an aircraft in which passengers and goods are carried
Repairs to the fuselage are almost complete.
Via
preposition
Through a place
We flew home via Dubai.
By means of a particular person, system, etc.
I heard about the sale via Jane.
The news programme came to us via satellite.
Pharmaceutical
(N.)
[usually plural] (specialist) A drug or medicine
the development of new pharmaceuticals
the pharmaceuticals industry
Fluctuation
(N.)
Fluctuation (in/of something): One of several frequent changes in size, amount, quality, etc, especially from one extreme to another; the act of changing frequently like this wild fluctuations in interest rates the constant fluctuation of oil prices currency/temperature fluctuation
Plant
(N.)
living thing: A living thing that grows in the earth and usually has a stem, leaves and roots, especially one that is smaller than a tree or bush All plants need light and water. flowering/garden/indoor plants a tomato/potato plant the animal and plant life of the area
factory: A factory or place where power is produced or an industrial process takes place a nuclear reprocessing plant Japanese car plants a chemical plant
machinery:
The large machinery that is used in industrial processes
The company has been investing in new plant and equipment.
something illegal:
(informal) Something that somebody has deliberately placed among another person’s clothes or possessions in order to make them appear guilty of a crime
He claimed that the drugs found in his house were a plant.
person:
A person who joins a group of criminals or enemies in order to get and secretly report information about their activities
Object
(N.)
A thing that can be seen and touched, but is not alive
everyday objects such as cups and saucers
Glass and plastic objects lined the shelves.
Object of desire, study, attention, etc.: A person or thing that somebody desires, studies, pays attention to, etc.
An aim or a purpose
Her sole object in life is to become a travel writer.
The object is to educate people about road safety.
If you’re late, you’ll defeat the whole object of the exercise.
(grammar) A noun, noun phrase or pronoun that refers to a person or thing that is affected by the action of the verb (called the direct object), or that the action is done to or for (called the indirect object)
Diagonally
(Adv.)
At an angle; in a way that joins two opposite sides of something at an angle
Walk diagonally across the field to the far corner and then turn left.
Parallelogram
(N.)
A flat shape with four straight sides, the opposite sides being parallel and equal to each other
متوازیالاضلاع
Tangram
(N.)
A Chinese game consisting of a square cut into seven pieces that you arrange to make various other shapes
معمای چینی (مرکب از پنج مثلث و یک مربع و یک لوزی)
Geometric
(Adj.)
Of geometry; of or like the lines, shapes, etc. used in geometry, especially because of having regular shapes or lines
a geometric design
Preliminary
(Adj.)
Happening before a more important action or event
syn initial
After a few preliminary remarks he announced the winners.
preliminary results/findings/enquiries
the preliminary rounds of the contest
•preliminary to something
pilot studies preliminary to a full-scale study
Chump
(N.)
(old-fashioned, informal)
A stupid person
Don’t be such a chump!
Butcher
(N.)
A person whose job is cutting up and selling meat in a shop/store or killing animals for this purpose
Butcher’s (pl. butchers) a shop/store that sells meat
He owns the butcher’s in the main street.
A person who kills people in a cruel and violent way
Jeer
(V.)
To laugh at somebody or shout rude remarks at them to show that you do not respect them Syn taunt
a jeering crowd
•jeer at somebody
The police were jeered at by the waiting crowd.
•jeer somebody
The players were jeered by disappointed fans.
+ speech ‘Coward!’ he jeered.
Cheer
(V.)
To shout loudly, to show support or praise for somebody, or to give them encouragement
We all cheered as the team came on to the field.
Cheering crowds greeted their arrival.
•cheer somebody
The crowd cheered the President as he drove slowly by.
opposite boo
Cheer somebody [usually passive]: To give hope, comfort or encouragement to somebody
She was cheered by the news from home.
Shin
(N.)
The front part of the leg below the knee
جلوی ساق
Larch
(N.)
A tree with sharp pointed leaves that fall in winter and hard dry fruit called cones
صنوبر
Sherry
(N.)
(pl. sherries)
A strong yellow or brown wine, originally from southern Spain. It is often drunk before meals.
sweet/dry sherry
cream sherry (= a type of very sweet sherry)
fine quality sherries
a sherry glass (= a type of small narrow wine glass)
Casualty
(N.)
A person who is killed or injured in war or in an accident
road casualties
Both sides had suffered heavy casualties (= many people had been killed).
A person that suffers or a thing that is destroyed when something else takes place
Syn victim
She became a casualty of the reduction in part-time work (= she lost her job).
Small shops have been a casualty of the recession.
(also casualty department, accident and emergency) (all BrE) (AmE emergency room) The part of a hospital where people who need urgent treatment are taken
The victims were rushed to casualty.
We waited in casualty until a doctor could see us.
Collision
(N.)
collision (with somebody/something) | collision (between/of A and B)
An accident in which two vehicles or people crash into each other
a collision between two trains
Stewart was injured in a collision with another player.
a head-on collision (= between two vehicles that are moving towards each other)
a mid-air collision (= between two aircraft while they are flying)
His car was in collision with a motorbike.
Wind and ice were blamed for the collision involving up to 12 vehicles.
(formal) A strong disagreement between two people or between opposing ideas, opinions, etc.; the meeting of two things that are very different
a collision between two opposing points of view
In his work we see the collision of two different traditions.
Signpost
(N.)
A sign at the side of a road giving information about the direction and distance of places
Follow the signposts to the superstore.
(figurative) The chapter headings are useful signposts to the content of the book.
Revolving
(Adj.)
[usually before noun]
Able to turn in a circle
a revolving chair
The theatre has a revolving stage.
etc
et cetera
AmE (etc.)
And the rest; and so an
e.g.
for example
NB
nota bene
AmE (N.B.)
Not well
p.a.
per annum
for each year
Per Se
(Adv.)
in itself/ themselves; intrinsically
فی نفسه، خود به خودی، مستقیما
vs
versus
AmE: vs.
against
i.e.
idem
that is
ps
post scriptum
AmE: p.s.
written after
c.
circa
around
BA
AmE: B.A.
Bachelor of Arts
BSc
AmE: B.Sc.
Bachelor of science
MA
AmE: M.A.
Master of Arts
MSc
AmE: M.Sc.
Master of science
MD
AmE: M.D.
Medical Doctor
per capita
for each person
Substantial
(Adj.)
Large in amount, value or importance
Syn: considerable
substantial sums of money
a substantial change
Substantial numbers of people support the reforms.
He ate a substantial breakfast.
There are substantial differences between the two groups.
Their share of the software market is substantial.
We were able to see a substantial improvement.
(formal) Large and solid; strongly built
a substantial house
a street of substantial Victorian villas
Profound
(Adj.)
Very great; felt or experienced very strongly
profound changes in the earth’s climate
My father’s death had a profound effect on us all.
The news came as a profound shock.
The report has profound implications for schools.
Her sense of disappointment was profound.
Showing great knowledge or understanding
profound insights
a profound book
Needing a lot of study or thought
profound questions about life and death
(medical) Very serious; complete
profound disability
Far-reaching
(Adj.)
Likely to have a lot of influence or many effects
far-reaching consequences/implications
far-reaching changes/reforms
Cumulative
(Adj.)
Having a result that increases in strength or importance each time more of something is added
the cumulative effect of human activity on the world environment
The evolution of human life was a gradual, cumulative process.
Including all the amounts that have been added previously
the monthly sales figures and the cumulative total for the past six months
Exert
(V.)
Exert something: To use power or influence to affect somebody/something
He exerted all his authority to make them accept the plan.
The moon exerts a force on the earth that causes the tides.
Exert yourself: To make a big physical or mental effort
In order to be successful
he would have to exert himself.
Aftereffects
(N.)
An effect that follows after the primary action of something.
he was suffering the aftereffects of the drug
