Old Flashcards

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1
Q

Whether

A

Conjunction

Used to express a doubt or choice between two possibilities
He seemed undecided whether to go or stay.
It remains to be seen whether or not this idea can be put into practice.
I asked him whether he had done it all himself or whether someone had helped him.
I’ll see whether she’s at home (= or not at home).
It’s doubtful whether there’ll be any seats left.

Used to show that something is true in either of two cases
You are entitled to a free gift whether you accept our offer of insurance or not.
I’m going whether you like it or not.
Whether or not we’re successful, we can be sure that we did our best.
آیا/چه

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2
Q

Chap

A

(N.)

(British English, informal, becoming old-fashioned)

Used to talk about a man in a friendly way
He isn’t such a bad chap really.
Come on, chaps, let’s go for a drink!

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3
Q

Exceptionally

A

(Adv.)

Used before an adjective or adverb to emphasize how strong or unusual the quality is
The weather, even for January, was exceptionally cold.
I thought Bill played exceptionally well.
There was an exceptionally high tide.
an exceptionally gifted child

Only in unusual circumstances
Exceptionally, students may be accepted without formal qualifications.

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4
Q

Revolting

A

(Adj.)

Extremely unpleasant
synonym disgusting
a revolting smell
a revolting little man

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5
Q

Glare

A

(V.)

Anger
glare (at somebody/something) to look at somebody/something in an angry way
synonym glower
He didn’t shout, he just glared at me silently.
I looked at her and she glared furiously back.

To shine with a very bright unpleasant light

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6
Q

Sight

A

(N.)

the ability to see
synonym eyesight
 to lose your sight (= to become blind)
 She has very good sight.
 The disease has affected her sight.
 He has very little sight in his right eye.

sight of somebody/something: the act of seeing somebody/something
After ten days at sea, we had our first sight of land.
I have been known to faint at the sight of blood.
The soldiers were given orders to shoot on sight (= as soon as they saw somebody).
She caught sight of a car in the distance.

The area or distance within which somebody can see or something can be seen
There was no one in sight.
They stole everything in sight.
At last we came in sight of a few houses.

A thing that you see or can see
It’s a spectacular sight as the flamingos lift into the air.
The museum attempts to recreate the sights and sounds of wartime Britain.

sights: the interesting places, especially in a town or city, that are often visited by tourists
We’re going to Paris for the weekend to see the sights.
It’s best if you can get someone local to show you the sights.

a sight (informal, especially British English) a person or thing that looks ridiculous, untidy, unpleasant, etc.
She looks a sight in that hat!

a device that you look through to aim a gun, etc. or to look at something through a telescope, etc.
He had the deer in his sights now.

(figurative) Even as a young actress, she always had Hollywood firmly in her sights (= as her final goal).

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7
Q

Pat

A

(V.)

To touch somebody/something gently several times with your hand flat, especially as a sign of affection

•pat something
 She patted the dog on the head.
 He patted his sister's hand consolingly.
•pat something + adj.
 Pat your face dry with a soft towel.
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8
Q

Strangle

A

(V.)

strangle somebody: to kill somebody by squeezing or pressing on their throat and neck
•to strangle somebody to death
He strangled her with her own scarf.
Whenever she starts going on about her beloved son, I could cheerfully strangle her.

strangle something: to prevent something from growing or developing
The current monetary policy is strangling the economy.
‘Oh, no!’ she cried, strangling a sob.
This project should have been strangled at birth

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9
Q

Feast

A

(N.)

A large or special meal, especially for a lot of people and to celebrate something
a wedding feast

A day or period of time when there is a religious festival
the feast of Christmas
a feast day

A thing or an event that brings great pleasure
a feast of colours
The evening was a real feast for music lovers.

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10
Q

Alibi

A

(N.)

Evidence that proves that a person was in another place at the time of a crime and so could not have committed it
The suspects all had alibis for the day of the robbery.

An excuse for something that you have done wrong

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11
Q

Doorway

A

(N.)

An opening into a building or a room, where the door is
She stood in the doorway for a moment before going in.
homeless people sleeping in shop doorways

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12
Q

Dim

A

(Adj.)

light> not bright
the dim glow of the fire in the grate
This light is too dim to read by.

place> where you cannot see well because there is not much light
a dim room/street

shape> that you cannot see well because there is not much light
the dim outline of a house in the moonlight
I could see a dim shape in the doorway.

eyes> not able to see well
His eyesight is getting dim.

memories> that you cannot remember or imagine clearly synonym vague
dim memories
She had a dim recollection of the visit.
(humorous) in the dim and distant past

person> (informal, especially British English) not intelligent
He’s very dim.

situation> not giving any reason to have hope; not good
Her future career prospects look dim.

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13
Q

Shimmer

A

(V.)

To shine with a soft light that seems to move slightly
The sea was shimmering in the sunlight.
The surface of the road shimmered in the midday heat.

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14
Q

Heist

A

(N.)
(informal)

An act of stealing something valuable from a shop/store or bank
synonym robbery
a bank heist
It’s a tense thriller about a diamond heist that goes badly wrong.
a heist movie

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15
Q

Ignite

A

(V.)

To start to burn; to make something start to burn

Gas ignites very easily.
(figurative) Tempers ignited when the whole family spent Christmas together.
Flames melted a lead pipe and ignited leaking gas.
(figurative) His words ignited their anger.

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16
Q

Statistic

A

(N.)
Statistics (informal stats) [plural]: a collection of information shown in numbers
•crime/unemployment, etc. statistics
According to official statistics the disease killed over 500 people.
Statistics show that far more people are able to ride a bicycle than can drive a car.
These statistics are misleading.

Statistics (informal stats) [uncountable]: the science of collecting and analysing statistics
There is a compulsory course in statistics.

(informal stat) [countable]: a piece of information shown in numbers
An important statistic is that 94 per cent of crime relates to property.
I felt I was no longer being treated as a person but as a statistic.

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17
Q

Pop up

A

Phrasal verb

Appear or occur suddenly.
“these memories can pop up from time to time”
Similar: appear show up

BASEBALL
hit a ball high into the air but not deep, providing an easy catch.
“in three at bats, he struck out twice and popped up”

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18
Q

Spotted

A

Adj.

Having a regular pattern of round dots on it
a black and white spotted dress

Having marks on it, sometimes in a pattern
a leopard’s spotted coat

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19
Q

Consumer

A

(N.)

A person who buys goods or uses services
•consumer demand/choice/rights
Health-conscious consumers want more information about the food they buy.
a consumer society (= one where buying and selling is considered to be very important)
providers and consumers of public services
Tax cuts will boost consumer confidence after the recession.

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20
Q

Gesture

A

(N.)
A movement that you make with your hands, your head or your face to show a particular meaning
He made a rude gesture at the driver of the other car.
She finished what she had to say with a gesture of despair.
They communicated entirely by gesture.

Something that you do or say to show a particular feeling or intention
They sent some flowers as a gesture of sympathy to the parents of the child.
It was a nice gesture (= it was kind) to invite his wife too.
We do not accept responsibility but we will refund the money as a gesture of goodwill.
His speech was at least a gesture towards improving relations between the two countries.
The government has made a gesture towards public opinion (= has tried to do something that the public will like).

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21
Q

Ancestor

A

(N.)

A person in your family who lived a long time ago
synonym forebear
His ancestors had come to America from Ireland.

An animal that lived in the past which a modern animal has developed from
a reptile that was the common ancestor of lizards and turtles

An early form of a machine which later became more developed synonym forerunner
The ancestor of the modern bicycle was called a penny-farthing.

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22
Q

Frown

A

(N.)

A serious, angry or worried expression on a person’s face that causes lines on their forehead
A small frown creased her forehead.
She looked up with a puzzled frown on her face.
a slight frown of disapproval/concentration, etc

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23
Q

Scowl

A

(N.)

An angry look or expression
He looked up at me with a scowl.
Her brows drew together in a scowl.
His face was set in a permanent scowl.

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24
Q

Grimace

A

(N.)

An ugly expression made by twisting your face, used to show pain, disgust, etc. or to make somebody laugh
to make/give a grimace of pain
‘What’s that?’ she asked with a grimace.
دهن کجی

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25
Q

Sneer

A

(N.)

An unpleasant look, smile or comment that shows you do not respect somebody/something
‘And who are you, then?’ he asked with a sneer in his voice.
A faint sneer of satisfaction crossed her face.
پوزخند زدن

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26
Q

Smirk

A

(N.)

A silly and unpleasant smile that shows that you are pleased with yourself, know something that other people do not know, etc.

She had a self-satisfied smirk on her face.
پوزخند زدن

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27
Q

Pout

A

(N.)

An expression on your face in which your lips are pushed out to show you are annoyed or to look sexually attractive
Her lips were set in a pout of annoyance.
لب ورچیدن

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28
Q

Snapshot

A

(N.)

Snap, picture
snapshots of the children

A short description or a small amount of information that gives you an idea of what something is like
The play offers a snapshot of life in Britain under the Roman

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29
Q

Recline

A

(V.)

recline (against/in/on something): (formal) To sit or lie in a relaxed way, with your body leaning backwards
She was reclining on a sofa.
a reclining figure (= for example in a painting)

recline (something) When a seat reclines or when you recline a seat, the back of it moves into a comfortable sloping position
a reclining chair

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30
Q

Browse

A

(V.)

To look at a lot of things in a shop/store rather than looking for one particular thing
You are welcome to come in and browse.
•browse something
She browsed the shelves for something interesting to read.

browse (through) something:
To look through the pages of a book, newspaper, etc. without reading everything
I found the article while I was browsing through some old magazines.
browse through the catalogue

browse (something) (computing):
To look for or to look at information on a computer, especially on the Internet or a specific website
I spent the whole evening just browsing on the Internet.
I browsed the website for information about the event but didn’t find anything useful.

browse (on something) (of cows, goats, etc.): To eat leaves, etc. that are growing high up

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31
Q

Rip-off

A

(N.) (informal)

Something that is not worth what you pay for it
$70 for a T-shirt! What a rip-off!

rip-off (of something):
A copy of something, especially one that is less expensive or not as good as the original thing
The single is a rip-off of a 70s hit.
a stall selling designer rip-offs

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32
Q

Massage

A

(N.)

The action of rubbing and pressing a person’s body with the hands to reduce pain in the muscles and joints
Massage will help the pain.
a back massage
to give somebody a massage
massage oils
Once a week I have a sauna and a massage.
The physiotherapist gave me a massage to ease the pain.
They managed to revive the injured driver with cardiac massage.

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33
Q

Exposure

A

(N.)

to something harmful
exposure (to something):
The state of being in a place or situation where there is no protection from something harmful or unpleasant
prolonged exposure to harmful radiation
(finance) the company’s exposure on the foreign exchange markets (= to the risk of making financial losses)

showing truth
The state of having the true facts about somebody/something told after they have been hidden because they are bad, immoral or illegal
his exposure as a liar and a fraud
the exposure of illegal currency deals

on TV/in newspapers, etc.
The fact of being discussed or mentioned on television, in newspapers, etc.
synonym publicity
Her new movie has had a lot of exposure in the media.

medical condition
A medical condition caused by being out in very cold weather for too long without protection
Two climbers were brought in suffering from exposure.

film in camera
A length of film in a camera that is used to take a photograph
There are three exposures left on this roll of film.

The length of time for which light is allowed to reach the film when taking a photograph
I used a long exposure for this one.

showing something hidden
The act of showing something that is usually hidden

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34
Q

Precision

A

(N.)

The quality of being exact, accurate and careful
synonym accuracy
done with mathematical precision
Her writing is imaginative but lacks precision.
Historians can’t estimate the date with any (degree of) precision.
He chose his words with precision.
•precision instruments/tools

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35
Q

Bowl

A
(N.)
container
A deep round dish with a wide open top, used especially for holding food or liquid
 a salad/fruit/sugar, etc. bowl
 a washing-up bowl

amount
The amount contained in a bowl
a bowl of soup

shape
The part of some objects that is shaped like a bowl
the bowl of a spoon
a toilet/lavatory bowl

theatre
(especially North American English) (in names) A large round theatre without a roof, used for concerts, etc. outdoors
the Hollywood Bowl

ball
A heavy wooden ball that is used in the games of bowls and bowling

game
bowls (North American English also lawn bowling): A game played on an area of very smooth grass, in which players take turns to roll bowls as near as possible to a small ball

Culture
football game (North American English) (in names): A game of American football played after the main season between the best teams
the Super Bowl

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36
Q

Appendix

A

(N.) (pl. appendices, appendixes)

Internal anatomy
A small bag of tissue that is attached to the large intestine. In humans, the appendix has no clear function.
He had to have his appendix out (= removed).

A section giving extra information at the end of a book or document
Full details are given in Appendix 3.

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37
Q

Crack up

A

Phrasal verb

crack up (informal)
To become ill, either physically or mentally, because of pressure
You’ll crack up if you carry on working like this.

To start laughing a lot
He walked in and everyone just cracked up.

crack somebody up (informal)
To make somebody laugh a lot
Gill’s so funny, she just cracks me up.

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38
Q

Minister

A

(N.)

(also Minister) A senior member of the government who is in charge of a government department or a branch of one
 the Minister of Education
 a meeting of EU Foreign Ministers
 senior ministers in the Cabinet
 cabinet ministers
وزیر

A trained religious leader
a Methodist minister

A person, lower in rank than an ambassador, whose job is to represent their government in a foreign country

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39
Q

Resignation

A

(N.)
The act of giving up your job or position; the occasion when you do this
a letter of resignation
There were calls for her resignation from the board of directors.
Further resignations are expected.
The defeat led to his resignation as team manager

A letter, for example to your employers, to say that you are giving up your job or position
•to offer/hand in/tender your resignation
We haven’t received his resignation yet.

Patient willingness to accept a difficult or unpleasant situation that you cannot change
They accepted their defeat with resignation.

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40
Q

Oriental

A

(Adj.)

Connected with or typical of the eastern part of the world, especially China and Japan, and the people who live there
oriental languages
She looks slightly oriental

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41
Q

Fair

A

(N.)

entertainment
(British English also funfair) (North American English also carnival): A type of entertainment in a field or park at which people can ride on large machines and play games to win prizes
Let’s take the kids to the fair.
all the fun of the fair

(North American English): A type of entertainment in a field or park at which farm animals and products are shown and take part in competitions
the county/state fair

business
An event at which people, businesses, etc. show and sell their goods
a world trade fair
a craft/a book/an antique fair

Animal market
(British English) (in the past) a market at which animals were sold
a horse fair

jobs
job/careers fair an event at which people who are looking for jobs can get information about companies who might employ them

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42
Q

Haggle

A

(V.)

haggle (with somebody) (over something): To argue with somebody in order to reach an agreement, especially about the price of something
I left him in the market haggling over the price of a shirt.
We spent a long time haggling with the authorities over our visas.

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43
Q

Merely

A

(Adv.)

Used meaning ‘only’ or ‘simply’ to emphasize a fact or something that you are saying
It is not merely a job, but a way of life.
He said nothing, merely smiled and watched her.
They agreed to go merely because they were getting paid for it.
I’m merely stating what everybody knows anyway
فقط، صرفا

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44
Q

Assign

A

(V.)

To give somebody something that they can use, or some work or responsibility
assign something (to somebody)
The two large classrooms have been assigned to us.
The teacher assigned a different task to each of the children.
•assign somebody something
We have been assigned the two large classrooms.
The teacher assigned each of the children a different task.

To provide a person for a particular task or position
•assign somebody (to something/as something)
They’ve assigned their best man to the job.
•assign somebody to do something
British forces have been assigned to help with peacekeeping.

assign somebody to somebody/something:
To send a person to work under the authority of somebody or in a particular group
I was assigned to B platoon.

To say that something has a particular value or function, or happens at a particular time or place
•assign something to something
Assign a different colour to each different type of information.
•assign something sth
The painting cannot be assigned an exact date.

assign something to somebody (law):
To say that your property or rights now belong to somebody else
The agreement assigns copyright to the publisher.
She has assigned the lease to her daughter.

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45
Q

Vet

A

(N.)

veterinarian, veterinary surgeon
A person who has been trained in the science of animal medicine, whose job is to treat animals who are sick or injured
We had to take the dog to the local vet.

vet’s (pl. vets)
The place where a vet works
I’ve got to take the dog to the vet’s tomorrow.

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46
Q

Call off

A

Phrasal verb

call somebody/something off
To order a dog or a person to stop attacking, searching, etc.

call something off
To cancel something; to decide that something will not happen
•to call off a deal/trip/strike
•They have called off their engagement (= decided not to get married).
•The game was called off because of bad weather.

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47
Q

Comprehension

A

(N.)
The ability to understand
speech and comprehension
His behaviour was completely beyond comprehension (= impossible to understand).
She had no comprehension of what was involved.

An exercise that trains students to understand a language
listening comprehension
a reading comprehension

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48
Q

Attire

A

(N.)

Clothes
dressed in formal evening attire

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49
Q

Chain

A

(V.)

To fasten something with a chain; to fasten somebody/something to another person or thing with a chain, so that they do not escape or get stolen
•chain somebody/something
The doors were always locked and chained.
•chain somebody/something up
The dog was chained up for the night.
•chain somebody/something to somebody/something
She chained her bicycle to the gate.
Four activists chained themselves to construction equipment.
(figurative) I’ve been chained to my desk all week (= because there was so much work).

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50
Q

Thigh

A

(N.)

The top part of the leg between the knee and the hip

The top part of the leg of a chicken, etc., cooked and eaten

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51
Q

Smash

A

(V.)
break
smash (something): To break something, or to be broken, violently and noisily into many pieces
Several windows had been smashed.
He smashed the radio to pieces.
The glass bowl smashed into a thousand pieces.

hit very hard
To move with a lot of force against something solid; to make something do this
•+ adv./prep.
the sound of waves smashing against the rocks
The car smashed into a tree.
•smash something + adv./prep.
Mark smashed his fist down on the desk.

To hit something very hard and break it, in order to get through it
•smash something + adv./prep.
They had to smash holes in the ice.
The elephant smashed its way through the trees.
•smash something + adj.
We had to smash the door open.
•+ adv./prep.
They had smashed through a glass door to get in.
[transitive] smash something/somebody (+ adv./prep.) to hit something/somebody very hard synonym slam
He smashed the ball into the goal.
destroy/defeat

smash something/somebody to destroy, defeat or put an end to something/somebody
Police say they have smashed a major drugs ring.
She has smashed the world record (= broken it by a large amount).

crash vehicle
smash something (up): To crash a vehicle
He’s smashed (up) his new car.

in tennis, etc.
smash something: To hit a high ball downwards and very hard over the net

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52
Q

State

A

(V.)
To formally write or say something, especially in a careful and clear way
•state something
He has already stated his intention to run for election.
The facts are clearly stated in the report.
There is no need to state the obvious (= to say something that everyone already knows).
•state how, what, etc…
State clearly how many tickets you require.
•state that…
He stated categorically that he knew nothing about the deal.
•it is stated that…
It was stated that standards at the hospital were dropping.
•something is stated to be/have something
The contract was stated to be invalid.

state something: To fix or announce the details of something, especially on a written document
This is not one of their stated aims.
You must arrive at the time stated.
Do not exceed the stated dose (= of medicine).

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53
Q

Paraphrase

A

(V.)

paraphrase (something): To express what somebody has said or written using different words, especially in order to make it easier to understand
Try to paraphrase the question before you answer it

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54
Q

Snob

A

(N.)

A person who admires people in the higher social classes too much and has no respect for people in the lower social classes
She’s such a snob!

A person who thinks they are much better than other people because they are intelligent or like things that many people do not like
•an intellectual snob
•a food/wine, etc. snob
There is a snob value in driving the latest model

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55
Q

Impulse

A

(N.)

impulse (to do something): A sudden strong wish or need to do something, without stopping to think about the results
He had a sudden impulse to stand up and sing.
I resisted the impulse to laugh.
Her first impulse was to run away.
The door was open and on (an) impulse she went inside.
He tends to act on impulse.

(specialist) A force or movement of energy that causes something else to react
•nerve/electrical impulses
The impulse is conducted along the length of the wire.

(formal) Something that causes somebody/something to do something or to develop and make progress
to give an impulse to the struggling car industry
He was motivated by the impulse for social reform.

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56
Q

Convince

A

(V.)

To make somebody/yourself believe that something is true
•convince somebody/yourself (of something)
You’ll need to convince them of your enthusiasm for the job.
•convince somebody/yourself (that)…
I’d convinced myself (that) I was right.
The experience convinced him that Europe was on the brink of a revolution.

convince somebody to do something: To persuade somebody to do something
I’ve been trying to convince him to see a doctor.

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57
Q

Temptation

A

(N.)

The desire to do or have something that you know is bad or wrong
the temptation of easy profits
to give way to/yield to temptation
I couldn’t resist the temptation to open the letter.
Don’t put temptation in her way by offering her a cigarette.

A thing that makes somebody want to do or have something that they know is bad or wrong
An expensive bicycle is a temptation to thieves.

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58
Q

Complain

A

(V.)

To say that you are annoyed, unhappy or not satisfied about somebody/something
•complain (to somebody) (about/of something)
I’m going to complain to the manager about this.
The defendant complained of intimidation during the investigation.
She never complains, but she’s obviously exhausted.
(informal) ‘How are you?’ ‘Oh, I can’t complain (= I’m all right).’
complain (that)… He complained bitterly that he had been unfairly treated.
(speech) ‘It’s not fair,’ she complained

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59
Q

Sigh

A

(V.)
To take and then let out a long deep breath that can be heard, to show that you are disappointed, sad, tired, etc.
He sighed deeply at the thought.
•sigh with something
She sighed with relief that it was all over.

(speech) To say something with a sigh
‘Oh well, better luck next time,’ she sighed.

(especially of the wind) To make a long sound like a sigh
the sighing of the wind through the trees
branches sighing in the wind

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60
Q

Stamp

A

(N.)
on letter/package
A small piece of paper with a design on it that you buy and stick on an envelope or a package before you post it
a 62p stamp
Could I have three first-class stamps, please?
He has been collecting stamps since he was eight.
a stamp album
The Post Office has issued a commemorative stamp to mark the event.

printing tool
A tool for printing the date or a design or mark onto a surface
a date stamp

printed design/words
A design or words made by stamping something onto a surface
The passports, with the visa stamps, were waiting at the embassy.
(figurative) The project has the government’s stamp of approval.

proof of payment
A small piece of paper with a design on it, stuck on a document to show that a particular amount of money has been paid
a TV licence stamp

character/quality
stamp (of something) (formal): The mark or sign of a particular quality or person
All his work bears the stamp of authority.

(formal) A kind or class, especially of people
men of a different stamp

of foot
An act or sound of stamping the foot
The stamp of hoofs alerted Isabel.

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61
Q

Limp

A

(Adj.)

Lacking strength or energy
His hand went limp and the knife clattered to the ground.
She felt limp and exhausted.
His arm hung limp at his side.

Not stiff or firm
The hat had become limp and shapeless.
Her hair looked limp and lifeless.

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62
Q

Wander

A

(V.)

To walk slowly around or to a place, often without any particular sense of purpose or direction
She wandered aimlessly around the streets.
We wandered back towards the car.
•wander something
The child was found wandering the streets alone.

To move away from the place where you ought to be or the people you are with
synonym stray
•wander away/off
The child wandered off and got lost.
•wander from/off something
They had wandered from the path into the woods.

(of a person’s mind or thoughts) To stop being directed on something and to move without much control to other ideas, subjects, etc. synonym drift
It’s easy to be distracted and let your attention wander.
Try not to let your mind wander.
•wander away, back, to, etc. something
Her thoughts wandered back to her youth.
Don’t wander off the subject—keep to the point.

(of a person’s eyes) To move slowly from looking at one thing to looking at another thing or in other directions
She let her gaze wander.
His eyes wandered towards the photographs on the wall.

(of a road or river) To curve instead of following a straight course
The road wanders along through the hills.

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63
Q

Call out

A

Phrasal verb

call somebody out:
To ask somebody to come, especially to an emergency
•to call out an engineer/a plumber/the troops
•to order or advise workers to stop work as a protest

call somebody out (on something)
(also call somebody on something ):
To criticize somebody, especially publicly
People were calling him out for his negative comments.
Dan called her out on a couple of contradictions in her story.

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63
Q

Sergeant

A

(N.)

A member of one of the middle ranks in the army and the air force, below an officer
Sergeant Salter
گروهبان

(in Britain) A police officer just below the rank of an inspector

(in the US) A police officer just below the rank of a lieutenant or captain see also sarge

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64
Q

Stroll

A

(V.)

To walk somewhere in a slow relaxed way

People were strolling along the beach

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65
Q

Tiptoe

A

(V.)

To walk using the front parts of your feet only, so that other people cannot hear you
I tiptoed over to the window.
I let myself in with my key and tiptoed up the stairs.
She tiptoed back into the room when he was asleep.

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66
Q

Particularly

A

(Adv.)

Especially; More than usual or more than others
•particularly good/important/useful
Traffic is bad, particularly in the city centre.
I enjoyed the play, particularly the second half.
The lecture was not particularly (= not very) interesting.
‘Did you enjoy it?’ ‘No, not particularly (= not very much).’
مخصوصا

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67
Q

Heel

A

(N.)

part of foot
The back part of the foot below the ankle

part of sock/shoe
The part of a sock, etc. that covers the heel

The raised part on the bottom of a shoe, boot, etc. that makes the shoe, etc. higher at the back
shoes with a low/high heel
a stiletto heel
The sergeant clicked his heels and walked out.

shoes
heels [plural]: A pair of women’s shoes that have high heels
She doesn’t often wear heels.

part of hand
heel of your hand/palm: The raised part of the inside of the hand where it joins the wrist

unpleasant man
(old-fashioned, informal) A man who is unpleasant to other people and cannot be trusted

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68
Q

Imply

A
(V.)
To suggest that something is true or that you feel or think something, without saying so directly
•imply (that)…
  Are you implying (that) I am wrong?
•imply something
  I disliked the implied criticism in his voice.
  His silence seemed to imply agreement.
•it is implied that…
  It was implied that we were at fault.

To make it seem likely that something is true or exists
synonym suggest
•imply (that)…
The survey implies (that) more people are moving house than was thought.
•it is implied that…
It was implied in the survey that…
•imply something
The fact that she was here implies a degree of interest.

imply something (of an idea, action, etc.) to make something necessary in order to be successful
synonym mean
The project implies an enormous investment in training.
Sustainable development implies a long-term perspective.

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69
Q

Pat

A

(Adj.)

(of an answer, a comment, etc.) Too quick, easy or simple; not seeming natural or realistic
synonym glib
The ending of the novel is a little too pat to be convincing.
There are no pat answers to these questions.

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70
Q

Patriotic

A

(Adj.)

Having or expressing a great love of your country
a patriotic man who served his country well
patriotic songs
The party framed its message in unashamedly patriotic language.

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71
Q

Testimony

A

(N.) (pl. testimonies)

testimony (to something) (formal): A thing that shows that something else exists or is true
synonym testament
This increase in exports bears testimony to the successes of industry.
The pyramids are an eloquent testimony to the ancient Egyptians’ engineering skills.

A formal written or spoken statement saying what you know to be true, usually in court
a sworn testimony
Her claim was supported by the testimony of several witnesses.
Can I refuse to give testimony?

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72
Q

Overboard

A

(Adv.)

Over the side of a boat or a ship into the water
to fall/jump overboard
Huge waves washed him overboard.

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73
Q

Choke up

A

Phrasal verb

choke up (North American English): To find it difficult to speak, because of the strong emotion that you are feeling
 She choked up when she began to talk about her mother.
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74
Q

Sanction

A

(N.)
sanction (against somebody):
An official order that limits trade, contact, etc. with a particular country, in order to make it do something, such as obeying international law
Trade sanctions were imposed against any country that refused to sign the agreement.
The economic sanctions have been lifted.

(formal) Official permission or approval for an action or a change
synonym authorization
These changes will require the sanction of the court.
Their ideas received official sanction at the meeting.

[countable] sanction (against something) a course of action that can be used, if necessary, to make people obey a law or behave in a particular way synonym penalty
The ultimate sanction will be the closure of the restaurant.
We now have an effective sanction against the killing of whales.

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75
Q

Upscale

A

(Adj.)

Designed for or used by people who belong to a high social class or have a lot of money

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76
Q

Fare (N.)

A

(N.)

The money that you pay to travel by bus, plane, taxi, etc.
bus/taxi fares
train/rail fares
 Children travel (at) half fare.
 When do they start paying full fare?

A passenger in a taxi
The taxi driver picked up a fare at the station.

(old-fashioned or formal) Food that is offered as a meal
The restaurant provides good traditional fare.
(figurative) His student drawings were not standard art school fare.

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77
Q

Fare (V.)

A

(V.)

Fare well, badly, better, etc.: To be successful/unsuccessful in a particular situation
Syn get on
The party fared very badly in the last election.
The North, by and large, has fared better than most regions in avoiding high unemployment figures

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78
Q

Steep

A

(Adj.)

(of a slope, hill, etc.) Rising or falling quickly, not gradually
•a steep hill/slope/bank
•a steep climb/descent/drop
•a steep flight of stairs
The path grew steeper as we climbed higher.

(of a rise or fall in an amount) Sudden and very big synonym sharp
a steep decline in the birth rate
a steep rise in unemployment

(informal) (of a price or demand) Too much; Unreasonable
synonym expensive
£2 for a cup of coffee seems a little steep to me.
He wants to move in here with us? That’s a bit steep!

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79
Q

Intend

A

(V.)
To have a plan, result or purpose in your mind when you do something
We finished later than we had intended.
•intend to do something:
I fully intended (= definitely intended) to pay for the damage.
•intend somebody/something to do something:
The writer clearly intends his readers to identify with the main character.
•intend doing something (British English):
I don’t intend staying long.
•intend something:
The company intends a slow-down in expansion.
•intend somebody something:
He intended her no harm (= it was not his plan to harm her).
•it is intended that…:
It is intended that production will start next month.
•intend that… :
We intend that production will start next month.

(rather formal) To plan that something should have a particular meaning synonym mean
•intend something (by something):
What exactly did you intend by that remark?
•intend something (as something):
He intended it as a joke.

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80
Q

Petrified

A

(Adj.)

Extremely frightened synonym terrified
a petrified expression
•petrified (of something): I’m petrified of snakes.
They were petrified with fear (= so frightened that they were unable to move or think).
•petrified (that…):
She was petrified that the police would burst in at any moment.

[only before noun] Petrified trees, insects, etc. : Have died and been changed into stone over a very long period of time
a petrified forest

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81
Q

Commit

A

(V.)

crime:
Commit a crime, etc.: To do something wrong or illegal
•to commit murder/adultery
Most crimes are committed by young men.
appalling crimes committed against innocent children

suicide:
Commit suicide: To kill yourself deliberately

promise/say definitely:
To promise sincerely that you will definitely do something, keep to an agreement or arrangement, etc.
•commit somebody/yourself (to something/to doing something)
The President is committed to reforming health care.
Borrowers should think carefully before committing themselves to taking out a loan.
•commit somebody/yourself to do something
Both sides committed themselves to settle the dispute peacefully.
•commit yourself (to something) to give an opinion or make a decision openly so that it is then difficult to change it
You don’t have to commit yourself now, just think about it.

be loyal:
Commit (to somebody/something): to Be completely loyal to one person, organization, etc. or give all your time and effort to your work, an activity, etc.
Why are so many men scared to commit? (= say they will be loyal to one person)

money/time:
Commit something to spend money or time on something/somebody
The council has committed large amounts of money to housing projects.

to hospital/prison:
Commit somebody to something to order somebody to be sent to a hospital, prison, etc.
She was committed to a psychiatric hospital.

somebody for trial:
Commit somebody to send somebody for trial in court

something to memory:
Commit something to memory to learn something well enough to remember it exactly
She committed the instructions to memory.

something to paper/writing:
Commit something to paper/writing: To write something down

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82
Q

Accuse

A

(V.)

Accuse somebody (of something): To say that somebody has done something wrong or is guilty of something
•to accuse somebody of murder/theft
She accused him of lying.
The government was accused of incompetence.
(formal) They stand accused of crimes against humanity.

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83
Q

Meanwhile

A

(Adv.)

(informal meantime) While something else is happening
Bob spent fifteen months alone on his yacht. Ann, meanwhile, took care of the children on her own.

(informal meantime) In the period of time between two times or two events
The doctor will see you again next week. Meanwhile, you must rest as much as possible.

Used to compare two aspects of a situation
Stress can be extremely damaging to your health. Exercise, meanwhile, can reduce its effects.

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84
Q

Intoxicated

A

(Adj.) (formal)

Under the influence of alcohol or drugs
(North American English) He was arrested for DWI (= driving while intoxicated).

Intoxicated (by/with something) very excited by something, so that you cannot think clearly
intoxicated with success

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85
Q

Puzzled

A

(Adj.)

Unable to understand something or the reason for something synonym baffled
She had a puzzled look on her face.
Scientists are puzzled as to why the whale had swum to the shore.
He looked puzzled so I repeated the question.

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86
Q

Sane

A

(Adj.)

Having a normal healthy mind; not mentally ill
No sane person would do that.
Being able to get out of the city at the weekend keeps me sane.

Sensible and reasonable
the sane way to solve the problem

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87
Q

Strike (N.)

A

(N.)

of workers
A period of time when an organized group of employees of a company stops working because of a disagreement over pay or conditions
the train drivers’ strike
a strike by teachers
an unofficial/a one-day strike
Air traffic controllers are threatening to come out on/go on strike.
Half the workforce are now (out) on strike.
The train drivers have voted to take strike action.
The student union has called for a rent strike (= a refusal to pay rent as a protest).

attack
A military attack, especially by aircraft dropping bombs
an air strike
They decided to launch a pre-emptive strike.

hitting/kicking
An act of hitting or kicking something/somebody
His spectacular strike in the second half made the score 2–0.

in baseball
An unsuccessful attempt to hit the ball

in bowling
A situation in tenpin bowling when a player knocks down all the pins with the first ball

discovery of oil
A sudden discovery of something valuable, especially oil

bad thing/action
(North American English) Strike (against somebody/something) a bad thing or action that damages somebody/something’s reputation
The amount of fuel that this car uses is a big strike against it.

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88
Q

Peculiar

A

(Adj.)
Strange or unusual, especially in a way that is unpleasant or worrying
a peculiar smell/taste
There was something peculiar in the way he smiled.
I had a peculiar feeling we’d met before.
Her behaviour was a peculiar mixture of the sophisticated and the childlike.
He died in very peculiar circumstances.
For some peculiar reason, she refused to come inside.
The peculiar thing was that no one mentioned her disappearance.
They behaved in a very peculiar way.

Peculiar (to somebody/something): Belonging or relating to one particular place, situation, person, etc., and not to others
a humour that is peculiar to American sitcoms
a species of bird peculiar to Asia
He has his own peculiar style which you’ll soon get used to.
the family’s peculiar importance in the affair
the peculiar properties of mercury

(British English, informal) Slightly ill/sick
I don’t think I’ll eat anything—I’m feeling a bit peculiar.

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89
Q

Astonished

A

(Adj.)

Very surprised
synonym amazed
The helicopter landed before our astonished eyes.
•astonished at/by something/somebody
My parents looked astonished at my news.
She was quite astonished at his rudeness.
•astonished (that)…
She seemed astonished (that) I had never been to Paris.
•astonished to find/hear/learn/see…
He was astonished to learn he’d won the competition.

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90
Q

Oak

A

(N.)

(also oak tree) A large tree that produces small nuts called acorns. Oaks are common in northern countries and can live to be hundreds of years old.
a gnarled old oak tree
forests of oak and pine

The hard wood of the oak tree
oak beams
This table is made of solid oak.

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91
Q

Herb

A

(N.)

A plant whose leaves, flowers or seeds are used to flavour food, in medicines or for their pleasant smell. Parsley, mint and oregano are all herbs.
a herb garden

(specialist) A plant with a soft stem that dies down after flowering

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92
Q

Survey

A

(N.)
An investigation of the opinions, behaviour, etc. of a particular group of people, which is usually done by asking them questions
A recent survey showed 75% of those questioned were in favour of the plan.
The survey revealed that…
to conduct/carry out a survey

The act of examining and recording the measurements, features, etc. of an area of land in order to make a map or plan of it
an aerial survey (= made by taking photographs from an aircraft)
a geological survey

(British English) An examination of the condition of a house, etc., usually done for somebody who is thinking of buying it
a detailed structural survey

A general study, view or description of something
a comprehensive survey of modern music

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93
Q

Hill

A

(N.)
An area of land that is higher than the land around it, but not as high as a mountain
a region of gently rolling hills
a hill farm/town/fort
The house is built on the side of a hill overlooking the river.
I love walking in the hills (= in the area where there are hills).

A slope on a road
Always take care when driving down steep hills.
a hill start (= the act of starting a vehicle on a slope)

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94
Q

Hospitable

A

(Adj.)
Hospitable (to/towards somebody) (of a person): Pleased to welcome guests; generous and friendly to visitors
synonym welcoming
The local people are very hospitable to strangers.
He thanked Patricia for being such a hospitable hostess.

Having good conditions that allow things to grow; having a pleasant environment
a hospitable climate

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95
Q

Ghastly

A

(Adj.)
(of an event) Very frightening and unpleasant, because it involves pain, death, etc.
synonym horrible
a ghastly crime/murder
She woke up in the middle of a ghastly nightmare.

(informal) (of an experience or a situation) Very bad; Unpleasant synonym terrible
The weather was ghastly.
It’s all been a ghastly mistake.
When she mentioned redundancies, for one ghastly moment, I thought she meant me.

(informal) (of a person or thing) That you find unpleasant and dislike very much 
synonym horrible
 her ghastly husband
 This lipstick is a ghastly colour.
 I look ghastly in red.

[not usually before noun] ill/sick or upset
synonym terrible
I felt ghastly the next day.
Do I look as ghastly as I feel?
•(literary) very pale in appearance, like a dead person:
His face was ghastly white.
She had a ghastly pallor.

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96
Q

Behold

A

(V.)
Behold somebody/something (old use or literary): To look at or see somebody/something
Her face was a joy to behold.
They beheld a bright star shining in the sky.

97
Q

Mist

A

(N.)
A cloud of very small drops of water in the air just above the ground, that make it difficult to see
The hills were shrouded in mist.
Early morning mist patches will soon clear.
The origins of the story are lost in the mists of time (= forgotten because it happened such a long time ago).
(figurative) She gazed at the scene through a mist of tears.

98
Q

Smog

A

(N.)

A form of air pollution that is or looks like a mixture of smoke and fog, especially in cities
attempts to reduce smog caused by traffic fumes

99
Q

Ski lift

A

(N.)

A machine for taking skiers up a slope so that they can then ski down

100
Q

Perm

A

(N.)

A way of changing the style of your hair by using chemicals to create curls that last for several months
to have a perm
I’m thinking of having a perm.
You’ll just have to let the perm grow out if you don’t like it.

101
Q

Chilly

A

(Adj.)

(especially of the weather or a place, but also of people) Too cold to be comfortable
It’s chilly today.
I was feeling chilly.

Not friendly
The visitors got a chilly reception

102
Q

Burst

A

(V.)
To break open or apart, especially because of pressure from inside; to make something break in this way
That balloon will burst if you blow it up any more.
The dam burst under the weight of water.
Shells were bursting (= exploding) all around us.
(figurative) He felt he would burst with anger and shame.
a burst pipe
•burst something
Don’t burst that balloon!
The river burst its banks and flooded nearby towns.

To go or move somewhere suddenly with great force; to come from somewhere suddenly
He burst into the room without knocking.
The sun burst through the clouds.
The words burst from her in an angry rush.
•be bursting (with something): to be very full of something; to be very full and almost breaking open
The roads are bursting with cars.
•to be bursting with ideas/enthusiasm/pride
The hall was filled to bursting point.
The hall was full to bursting.
(informal) I’m bursting (for a pee)! (= I need to use the toilet right now).

103
Q

Stroke

A

(V.)

touch gently
Stroke something (especially British English): To move your hand gently and slowly over an animal’s fur or hair
He’s a beautiful dog. Can I stroke him?
•stroke something/somebody to move your hand gently over a surface, somebody’s hair, etc.
He stroked her hair affectionately.

Move something gently
stroke something + adv./prep. to move something somewhere with a gentle movement
She stroked away his tears.
He stroked the ball between the posts.

be nice to somebody
Stroke somebody (informal, especially North American English): To be very nice to somebody, especially to get them to do what you want
104
Q

Bud

A

(N.)

A small lump that grows on a plant and from which a flower, leaf or stem develops
the first buds appearing in spring
The tree is in bud already.

A flower or leaf that is not fully open

(North American English, informal) buddy
Listen, bud, enough of the wisecracks, OK?

105
Q

Ashtray

A

(N.)

A container into which people who smoke put ash, cigarette ends, etc.
overflowing ashtrays

106
Q

Vase

A

(N.)

A container made of glass, etc., used for holding cut flowers or as a decorative object
a vase of flowers

107
Q

Bush

A

(N.)

A plant that grows thickly with several hard stems coming up from the root
a rose bush
holly bushes

A thing that looks like a bush, especially an area of thick hair or fur

(also the bush) [uncountable] An area of wild land that has not been cleared, especially in Africa and Australia; in New Zealand an area where the forest has not been cleared

108
Q

Beak

A

(N.)

The hard pointed or curved outer part of a bird’s mouth synonym bill
The gull held the fish in its beak.

(humorous) A person’s nose, especially when it is large and/or pointed

(old-fashioned, British English, slang) A person in a position of authority, especially a judge

109
Q

Groan

A

(V.)

To make a long deep sound because you are annoyed, upset or in pain, or with pleasure
synonym moan
He lay on the floor groaning.
•groan with something: to groan with pain/pleasure
•groan at something: We all groaned at his terrible jokes.
•groan about something: They were all moaning and groaning (= complaining) about the amount of work they had.
(speech) ‘It’s a complete mess!’ she groaned.
‘Don’t move me,’ he groaned.

To make a sound like a person groaning synonym moan
The trees creaked and groaned in the wind.

110
Q

Chimney

A

(N.)
A structure through which smoke or steam is carried up away from a fire, etc. and through the roof of a building; the part of this that is above the roof
He threw a bit of paper onto the fire and it flew up the chimney.
the factory chimneys of an industrial landscape
This chimney doesn’t draw very well.
factory chimneys belching smoke over the town

(specialist) A narrow opening in an area of rock that a person can climb up

111
Q

Storey (BrE)

Story (AmE)

A

(N.)
(pl. storeys, stories)

A level of a building; a floor
the upper/lower storey of the house
a single-storey/two-storey building
multi-storey

-storeyed (British English) (North American English -storied) (in adjectives) (of a building) having the number of levels mentioned
a four-storeyed building

112
Q

Abundent

A

(Adj.) (formal)

Existing in large quantities; more than enough
synonym plentiful
Fish are abundant in the lake.
We have abundant evidence to prove his guilt.

113
Q

Thunder

A

(V.)
When it thunders, there is a loud noise in the sky during a storm

To make a very loud deep noise synonym roar
A voice thundered in my ear.
thundering traffic

To move very fast and with a loud deep noise
synonym roar
Heavy trucks kept thundering past.

Thunder something + adv./prep. (informal) To make something move somewhere very fast
Essien thundered the ball past the goalie.

(literary) To shout, complain, etc. very loudly and angrily
thunder (something) He thundered against the evils of television.
(speech) ‘Sit still!’ she thundered.

114
Q

Wasp

A

(N.)

A black and yellow flying insect that can sting
a wasp sting
a wasps’ nest

115
Q

Diameter

A

(N.)

A straight line going from one side of a circle or any other round object to the other side, passing through the centre
the diameter of a tree trunk
The dome is 42.3 metres in diameter.

(specialist) A measurement of the power of an instrument to magnify something
a lens magnifying 300 diameters (= making something look 300 times larger than it really is)

116
Q

Gasp

A

(V.)
To take a quick deep breath with your mouth open, especially because you are surprised or in pain
•gasp (at something):
She gasped at the wonderful view.
They gasped in astonishment at the news.
(speech) ‘What was that noise?’ he gasped.

To have difficulty breathing or speaking
•gasp (for something):
 He came to the surface of the water gasping for air.
•gasp (something) (out):
 She managed to gasp out her name.
 (speech) ‘Can't breathe,’ he gasped.

Be gasping (for something) [intransitive] (British English, informal): To want or need something very badly, especially a drink or a cigarette

117
Q

Survey

A

(V.)

Survey something: To look carefully at the whole of something, especially in order to get a general impression of it
synonym inspect
The next morning we surveyed the damage caused by the fire.
He surveyed himself in the mirror before going out.

Survey something: To study and give a general description of something
This chapter briefly surveys the current state of European politics.

Survey something: To measure and record the features of an area of land, for example in order to make a map or in preparation for building

Survey something (British English): To examine a building to make sure it is in good condition
 Have the house surveyed before you decide whether to buy it.

Survey somebody/something to : Investigate the opinions or behaviour of a group of people by asking them a series of questions
synonym interview
We surveyed 500 smokers and found that over three quarters would like to give up.
87% of the 1 000 companies surveyed employ part-time staff.

118
Q

Growl

A

(V.)
Growl (at somebody/something) (of animals, especially dogs): To make a low sound in the throat, usually as a sign of anger
The dog growled at them.

To say something in a low angry voice
(speech) (at somebody) ‘Who are you?’ he growled at the stranger.
•growl something (at somebody):
She growled a sarcastic reply.

119
Q

Wheat

A

(N.)

A plant grown for its grain that is used to produce the flour for bread, cakes, pasta, etc.; the grain of this plant

wheat flour

120
Q

Underneath

A

(Preposition, Adv.)

Under or below something else, especially when it is hidden or covered by the thing on top
The coin rolled underneath the piano.
This jacket’s too big, even with a sweater underneath.

Used to talk about somebody’s real feelings or character, as opposed to the way they seem to be
Underneath her cool exterior she was really very frightened.
He seems bad-tempered, but he’s very soft-hearted underneath

121
Q

Flight attendant

A

(N.)

A person whose job is to serve and take care of passengers on an aircraft

122
Q

Runway

A

(N.)

A long narrow strip of ground with a hard surface that an aircraft takes off from and lands on

The plane taxied along the runway.

123
Q

Drizzle

A

(N.)

Light fine rain
A light drizzle was falling.
The forecast for tomorrow is mist and drizzle.

124
Q

Indicator

A

(N.)

A sign that shows you what something is like or how a situation is changing
The economic indicators are better than expected.
These atmospheric waves are a reliable indicator of weather changes.

A device on a machine that shows speed, pressure, etc.
A depth indicator

(British English) (North American English turn signal) (informal blinker North American English, British English) A light on a vehicle that flashes to show that the vehicle is going to turn left or right
Her right-hand indicator was flashing.

125
Q

Frustrated

A

(Adj.)

Feeling annoyed and impatient because you cannot do or achieve what you want
It’s very easy to get frustrated in this job.
His apathy just made her even more frustrated.
•frustrated at/with something:
They felt frustrated at the lack of progress.

(of an emotion) Having no effect; not being satisfied
He stamped his foot in frustrated rage.
frustrated desires

Unable to be successful in a particular career
a frustrated artist

Not satisfied sexually

126
Q

Blizzard

A
(N.)
A snowstorm with very strong winds
 blizzard conditions
 The blizzard struck the north-east yesterday, causing serious damage.
 a raging/howling blizzard

A large quantity of things that may seem to be attacking you
a blizzard of documents

127
Q

Flock

A

(N.)

Flock (of something): A group of sheep, goats or birds of the same type

Flock (of somebody): A large group of people, especially of the same type
a flock of children/reporters
They came in flocks to see the procession.

(literary) The group of people who regularly attend the church of a particular priest, etc.

Small pieces of soft material used for filling cushions, chairs, etc.
a flock mattress

Small pieces of soft material on the surface of paper or cloth that produce a raised pattern
flock wallpaper

128
Q

Resent

A

(V.)
To feel bitter or angry about something, especially because you feel it is unfair
•resent something/somebody:
I deeply resented her criticism.
The children resented the new woman in their father’s life.
•resent doing something:
He bitterly resents being treated like a child.
•resent somebody doing something:
She resented him making all the decisions.
(formal) She resented his making all the decisions.

129
Q

Wardrobe

A

(N.)
A large cupboard for hanging clothes in which is either a piece of furniture or (in British English) built into the wall
a fitted wardrobe

The clothes that a person has
everything you need for your summer wardrobe

The department in a theatre or television company that takes care of the clothes that actors wear

130
Q

Endorse

A

(V.)
Endorse something: To say publicly that you support a person, statement or course of action
I wholeheartedly endorse his remarks.
Members of all parties endorsed a ban on land mines.

Endorse something: To say in an advertisement that you use and like a particular product so that other people will want to buy it
I wonder how many celebrities actually use the products they endorse.

Endorse something: To write your name on the back of a cheque so that it can be paid into a bank account

Endorse something: (British English) To record details of a driving offence on somebody’s driving licence
You risk having your licence endorsed.

131
Q

Mattress

A

(N.)

The soft part of a bed, that you lie on
a soft/hard mattress
We can sleep on a mattress on the floor.
an old bed with a lumpy mattress

132
Q

Dam

A

(N.)

A barrier that is built across a river in order to stop the water from flowing, used especially to make a reservoir (= a lake for storing water) or to produce electricity
the Narmada dam in India
The dam burst.

(specialist) The mother of some animals, especially horses

133
Q

Dash

A

(N.)
something done quickly
A dash (for something): An act of going somewhere suddenly and/or quickly
When the doors opened, there was a mad dash for seats.
a 60-mile dash to safety
He jumped off the bus and made a dash for the nearest bar.
We waited for the police to leave then made a dash for it (= left quickly in order to escape).

An act of doing something quickly because you do not have enough time
a last-minute dash to buy presents

small amount
Dash (of something): A small amount of something that is added to something else
Add a dash of lemon juice.
The rug adds a dash of colour to the room.
The album is a mixture of rock and gospel, with a dash of jazz thrown in.

symbol
The mark (—) used to separate parts of a sentence, often instead of a colon or in pairs instead of brackets/parentheses 

race
(especially North American English) A race in which the people taking part run very fast over a short distance synonym sprint
the 100-meter dash

way of behaving
(old-fashioned, approving) A way of behaving that combines style, enthusiasm and confidence
He brought youthful energy, dash and charisma to the department.

part of car
(informal) = dashboard

134
Q

Delighted

A

(Adj.)

Very pleased
 a delighted smile
•delighted to do something:
  I'd be absolutely delighted to come.
 ‘Can you stay for dinner?’ ‘I’d be delighted (to)!’
•delighted that…:
  I was delighted that you could stay.
•delighted by/at something:
 She was delighted by/at the news of the wedding.
•delighted with something:
  I was delighted with my presents.
135
Q

District

A

(N.)

An area of a country or town, especially one that has particular features
the City of London’s financial district

One of the areas which a country, town or state is divided into for purposes of organization, with official boundaries (= borders)
 a tax/postal district
 a school district
 congressional districts
 district councils
136
Q

Linoleum

A

(N.)

A type of strong material with a hard shiny surface, used for covering floors

137
Q

Mansion

A

(N.)

A large impressive house
an 18th century country mansion

Mansions (British English): Used in the names of blocks of flats
2 Moscow Mansions, Cromwell Road

138
Q

Stagger

A

(V.)
To walk with weak unsteady steps, as if you are about to fall
synonym totter
The injured woman staggered to her feet.
He staggered home, drunk.
We seem to stagger from one crisis to the next.
(figurative) The company is staggering under the weight of a £10m debt.
•stagger something:
I managed to stagger the last few steps.

To shock or surprise somebody very much 
synonym amaze
•stagger somebody:
 Her remarks staggered me.
•it staggers somebody that…:
  It staggers me that the government is doing nothing about it.

Stagger something to: Arrange for events that would normally happen at the same time to start or happen at different times
There were so many runners that they had to stagger the start.

139
Q

Lightning

A

(N.)

A flash, or several flashes, of very bright light in the sky caused by electricity
a flash of lightning
a violent storm with thunder and lightning
He was struck by lightning and killed.
Lightning strikes caused scores of fires across the state.

140
Q

Rubbish

A
(N.)
(especially British English) Things that you throw away because you no longer want or need them
 a rubbish bag/bin
 a rubbish dump/heap/tip
 The streets were littered with rubbish.
 garden/household rubbish

(British English, informal) (also used as an adjective) Something that you think is of poor quality
I thought the play was rubbish!
Do we have to listen to this rubbish music?
They said I was a rubbish boss.

(British English, informal) Comments, ideas, etc. that you think are stupid or wrong 
synonym nonsense
 Rubbish! You're not fat.
 You're talking a load of rubbish.
 It's not rubbish—it's true!
141
Q

Wrap

A

(V.)
Wrap something (up) (in something): To cover something completely in paper or other material, for example when you are giving it as a present
He spent the evening wrapping up the Christmas presents.
individually wrapped chocolates

To cover something/somebody in material, for example in order to protect it/them
wrap A (up) in B:
Wrap the meat in foil before you cook it.
wrap B round/around A:
I wrapped a blanket around the baby.

Wrap something around/round something/somebody: To put something firmly around something/somebody
A scarf was wrapped around his neck.

(computing) To cause text to be carried over to a new line automatically as you reach the end of the previous line; to be carried over in this way
wrap something (around/round)
 How can I wrap the text around?
142
Q

Blame

A

(V.)

To think or say that somebody/something is responsible for something bad
blame somebody/something (for something)
She doesn’t blame anyone for her father’s death.

blame something on somebody/something
Police are blaming the accident on dangerous driving.

143
Q

Overrate

A

(V.)

Overrate somebody/something: To have too high an opinion of somebody/something; To put too high a value on somebody/something

In my opinion, Hirst’s work has been vastly overrated.

144
Q

Cruise

A

(V.)

To travel in a ship or boat visiting different places, especially as a holiday/vacation
•(+ adv./prep.):
They cruised down the Nile.
•cruise something:
We spent two weeks cruising the Bahamas.

(of a car, plane, etc.) To travel at a steady speed
a light aircraft cruising at 4 000 feet
a cruising speed of 50 miles an hour

(of a car, etc. or its driver) To drive along slowly, especially when you are looking at or for something
She cruised around the block looking for a parking space.
Taxis cruised the streets, looking for fares.

To win or achieve something easily
The home team cruised to victory

145
Q

Dump

A

(N.)

for waste:
A place where waste or rubbish/garbage is taken and left 
 a rubbish dump (BrE)
 a garbage dump (AmE)
 the municipal dump
 a toxic/nuclear waste dump

(also mine dump): a hill that is formed when waste sand from the production of gold is piled in one place over a period of time

dirty place:
A dirty or unpleasant place
How can you live in this dump?

for weapons:
A temporary store for military supplies
an ammunition dump

computing:
An act of copying data stored in a computer; a copy or list of the contents of this data

waste from body:
(slang) An act of passing waste matter from the body through the bowels
to have a dump

146
Q

Snare

A

(V.)

Snare something/somebody: To catch something, especially an animal, in a snare synonym trap
to snare a rabbit
(figurative) Her one thought was to snare a rich husband.
(figurative) He found himself snared in a web of intrigue.
There is to be a crackdown on the use of giant fishing nets that snare dolphins.

147
Q

Sizzle

A

(V.)

To make the sound of food frying in hot oil
sizzling sausages

To be very exciting, especially in a sexual way
The screen sizzles whenever she appears on it.

148
Q

Soak

A

(V.)

To put something in liquid for a time so that it becomes completely wet; to become completely wet in this way
•soak something (in something)
I usually soak the beans overnight.
If you soak the tablecloth before you wash it, the stains should come out.
•soak (in something)
Leave the apricots to soak for 20 minutes.

Soak somebody/something: To make somebody/something completely wet synonym drench
A sudden shower of rain soaked the spectators.

Soak somebody (informal): To obtain a lot of money from somebody by making them pay very high taxes or prices
 He was accused of soaking his clients.
149
Q

Oblong

A

(Adj.)

An oblong shape has four straight sides, two of which are longer than the other two, and four angles of 90°

(North American English) Used to describe any shape that is longer than it is wide
an oblong melon

150
Q

Absurd

A

(Adj.)

Completely ridiculous; not logical and sensible
synonym ridiculous
That uniform makes the guards look absurd.
Of course it’s not true, what an absurd idea.

The absurd: Things that are or that seem to be absurd
He has a good sense of the absurd.

151
Q

Bang

A

(Adv.)

(informal)
Exactly; completely
 Our computers are bang up to date.
 My estimate was bang on target.
 You’re bang on time, as usual
152
Q

Curtain

A

(N.)

A piece of cloth that is hung to cover a window
to draw/pull/close the curtains (= to pull them across the window so they cover it)
to draw/draw back/pull back the curtains (= to open them, so that the window is no longer covered)
It was ten in the morning but the curtains were still drawn (= closed)

Very thin piece of cloth that you hang at a window, which allows light to enter but stops people outside from being able to see inside

A piece of cloth that is hung up as a screen in a room or around a bed, for example
a shower curtain

A piece of thick, heavy cloth that hangs in front of the stage in the theatre
The audience was waiting for the curtain to rise (= for the play to begin).

A thing that covers, hides or protects something
a curtain of rain/smoke
She pushed back the curtain of brown hair from her eyes.

153
Q

Tote around

A

(V.) (informal)

To carry something, especially regularly
Kids have to tote heavy textbooks around.

154
Q

Washbasin

A

(N.)

(also basin)
(both especially British English)
(also sink North American English, British English)
(also especially North American English washbowl)

A large bowl that has taps/faucets and is fixed to the wall in a bathroom, used for washing your hands and face in

155
Q

Promote

A

(V.)

Promote something: To help something to happen or develop synonym encourage
policies to promote economic growth
a campaign to promote awareness of environmental issues

To help sell a product, service, etc. or make it more popular by advertising it or offering it at a special price
The band has gone on tour to promote their new album.
The area is being promoted as a tourist destination.

To move somebody to a higher rank or more senior job
She worked hard and was soon promoted.
opposite demote

To move a sports team from playing with one group of teams to playing in a better group
They were promoted to the First Division last season.
opposite relegate

156
Q

Brick

A

(N.)

Baked clay used for building walls, houses and other buildings; an individual block of this
The school is built of brick.
a pile of bricks
a brick wall

A plastic or wooden block, used as a toy for young children to build things with

(old-fashioned, British English, informal) A friend that you can rely on when you need help
Thanks for looking after the children today—you’re a real brick.

157
Q

Stem

A

(N.)

The main long thin part of a plant above the ground from which the leaves or flowers grow; a smaller part that grows from this and supports flowers or leaves
long, trailing stems of ivy
a tall plant with branching stems
There are several leaves on each stem.

The long thin part of a wine glass between the bowl and the base

The thin tube of a tobacco pipe

-stemmed (in adjectives) having one or more stems of the type mentioned
a long-stemmed rose
slender-stemmed wine glasses

(grammar) The main part of a word that stays the same when endings are added to it
‘Writ’ is the stem of the forms ‘writes’, ‘writing’ and ‘written’.

158
Q

Bracket

A

(N.)
(also round bracket) (also parenthesis North American English or formal) Either of a pair of marks, ( ), placed around extra information in a piece of writing or part of a problem in mathematics
Publication dates are given in brackets after each title.
Add the numbers in brackets first.

(North American English) (especially British English square bracket) Either of a pair of marks, [ ], placed at the beginning and end of extra information in a text, especially comments made by an editor

Price, age, income, etc. bracket prices, etc. within a particular range
people in the lower income bracket
Most of the houses are out of our price bracket.
the 30–34 age bracket (= people aged between 30 and 34)

A piece of wood, metal or plastic fixed to the wall to support a shelf, lamp, etc.

159
Q

Stir

A

(V.)

To move a liquid or substance around, using a spoon or something similar, in order to mix it thoroughly
She stirred her tea.
The vegetables are stirred into the rice while it is hot.

move:
To move, or to make something move, slightly
She heard the baby stir in the next room.
A slight breeze was stirring the branches.

To move, or to make somebody move, in order to do something
You haven’t stirred from that chair all evening!
Come on, stir yourself. You’re late!

feelings:
To make somebody excited or make them feel something strongly
a book that really stirs the imagination
She was stirred by his sad story.

To begin to be felt
A feeling of guilt began to stir in her.
New optimism was stirring throughout the country.

cause trouble
Stir (it) (British English, informal, disapproving): To try to cause trouble
You’re just stirring it!

160
Q

Enormous

A

(Adj.)

Extremely large 
synonym huge, immense
 an enormous house/dog
 an enormous amount of time
 enormous interest
 The problems facing the President are enormous.
161
Q

Licence plate number

A

(N.)

The official set of numbers and letters shown on the front and back of a road vehicle
You couldn’t see the vehicle’s license plate number. The exterior of vehicles.

162
Q

Aristrocrat

A

(N.)

A member of the aristocracy

At that time, diplomatic posts were filled by aristocrats
He had the air of an aristocrat
He received the patronage of a minor local aristocrat
The castle has been owned by a succession of wealthy aristocrats
The owners are French aristocrats who fled to England

163
Q

Fig

A

(N.)

A soft sweet fruit that is full of small seeds and often eaten dried
a fig tree
انجیر

164
Q

Secretary

A

(N.)
A person who works in an office, working for another person, dealing with letters and telephone calls, typing, keeping records, arranging meetings with people, etc.
a legal/medical secretary
Please contact my secretary to make an appointment.

An official of a club, society, etc. who deals with writing letters, keeping records, and making business arrangements
the membership secretary

Secretary = Secretary of State see also Home Secretary, Permanent Undersecretary

(US English) The head of a government department, chosen by the President
Secretary of the Treasury

(in Britain) An assistant of a government minister, an ambassador, etc

165
Q

Edible

A

(Adj.)

Fit or suitable to be eaten; not poisonous
The food at the hotel was barely edible.

edible fungi/snails/flowers
The vegetables were old but still looked edible.

166
Q

Filet (AmE)

A

(N.)

A piece of meat or fish that has no bones in it
 plaice fillets
 a fillet of cod
 fillet steak
 fillet of beef with a red wine sauce
167
Q

Herbivore

A

(N.)

Any animal that eats only plants

168
Q

Consecutive

A

(Adj.)
Following one after another in a series, without interruption
She was absent for nine consecutive days.
He is beginning his fourth consecutive term of office.
After six consecutive defeats, the team was almost ready to give up.
Interest rates rose again for the fifth consecutive month.
They achieved their third consecutive year of record sales.

169
Q

Scene

A

(N.)

place
Scene (of something): The place where something happens, especially something unpleasant
•the scene of the accident/attack/crime
Firefighters were on the scene immediately.

event
Scene (of something): An event or a situation that you see, especially one of a particular type
 The team's victory produced scenes of joy all over the country.

in movie/play, etc. :
A part of a film/movie, play or book in which the action happens in one place or is of one particular type
The movie opens with a scene in a New York apartment.
love/sex scenes

One of the small sections that a play or an opera is divided into
Act I, Scene 2 of ‘Macbeth’

area of activity:
The scene, the… scene: (informal) A particular area of activity or way of life and the people who are part of it
After years at the top, she just vanished from the scene.
the club/dance/music, etc. scene

view:
A view that you see
a delightful rural scene

painting/photograph:
A painting, drawing, or photograph of a place and the things that are happening there
an exhibition of Parisian street scenes

argument:
A loud, angry argument, especially one that happens in public and is embarrassing
‘Please leave,’ he said. ‘I don’t want a scene.’

170
Q

Confectionery

A

(N.)

Sweets, Candy, Chocolate, etc.

Confectionery is a multimillion-pound business

171
Q

Hazelnut

A

(N.)

(also filbert especially in North American English)

The small brown nut of the hazel
فندق

172
Q

Sarcasm

A

(N.)

A way of using words that are the opposite of what you mean in order to be unpleasant to somebody or to make fun of them
‘That will be useful,’ she snapped with heavy sarcasm (= she really thought it would not be useful at all).
a hint/touch/trace of sarcasm in his voice

173
Q

Carnivore

A

(N.)

Any animal that eats meat

compare herbivore, insectivore, omnivore

174
Q

Ensure

A

(V.)

To make sure that something happens or is definite
•ensure something
The book ensured his success.
•ensure somebody something
Victory ensured them a place in the final.
•ensure (that)…
Please ensure (that) all lights are switched off.

175
Q

Gargle

A

(N.)

A liquid used for gargling
an antiseptic gargle

An act of gargling or a sound like that made when gargling
to have a gargle with salt water
a bellowing gargle of pain

176
Q

Ticket stub

A

(N.)

synonyms: stub

A short piece of a cigarette, pencil, etc. that is left when the rest of it has been used

The small part of a ticket, cheque, etc. that you keep as a record when you have given the main part to somebody

177
Q

Utility

A

(N.)
(pl. utilities)

A service provided for the public, for example an electricity, water or gas supply
the administration of public utilities
Rescue teams worked desperately to restore utilities in the area shattered by the hurricane.

(formal) The quality of being useful synonym usefulness
This information is of the highest utility to a historian.

(computing) A piece of computer software that performs a particular task

178
Q

Omnivore

A

(N.)

An animal or a person that eats all types of food, especially both plants and meat

179
Q

Steeped tea

A

(N.)

چای دمی

180
Q

Schedule

A

(N.)

A plan that lists all the work that you have to do and when you must do each thing
I have a hectic schedule for the next few days.
We’re working to a tight schedule (= we have a lot of things to do in a short time).
Filming began on schedule (= at the planned time).

(AmE) = Timetable
a train schedule
Chinese will be on the school schedule from next year.

A list of the television and radio programmes that are on a particular channel and the times that they start
The channel’s schedules are filled with old films and repeats.

A written list of things, for example prices, rates or conditions
tax schedules

181
Q

Decent

A

(Adj.)

Of a good enough standard or quality
(informal) a decent meal/job/place to live
I need a decent night’s sleep.

(of people or behaviour) Honest and fair; treating people with respect
ordinary, decent, hard-working people
Everyone said he was a decent sort of guy.

Acceptable to people in a particular situation
a decent burial
That dress isn’t decent.

(informal) Wearing enough clothes to allow somebody to see you
I can’t go to the door—I’m not decent.

182
Q

Barrel

A

(N.)
A large round container, usually made of wood or metal, with flat ends and, usually, curved sides
a beer/wine barrel

The contents of or the amount contained in a barrel; a unit of measurement in the oil industry equal to between 120 and 159 litres
They got through two barrels of beer.
Oil prices fell to $9 a barrel.

The part of a gun like a tube through which the bullets are fired
Tom found himself looking down the barrel of a gun.
The barrel was aimed directly at me.

183
Q

Ferment

A

(V.)
To experience a chemical change because of the action of yeast or bacteria, often changing sugar to alcohol; to make something change in this way
Fruit juices ferment if they are kept for too long.
(figurative) A blend of emotions fermented inside her.
•ferment something:
Red wine is fermented at a higher temperature than white.

184
Q

Beverage

A

(N.)
(formal)

Any type of drink except water
laws governing the sale of alcoholic beverages
Studies on the consumption of various alcoholic beverages have been conducted.

185
Q

Ripe

A

(Adj.)

Fully grown and ready to be eaten
Pick the tomatoes before they get too ripe.

(of cheese or wine) Having a flavour that has fully developed synonym mature

Strong and unpleasant

Ripe (for something): Ready or suitable for something to happen
This land is ripe for development.
The conditions were ripe for social change.
Reforms were promised when the time was ripe.

186
Q

Vine

A

(N.)

A climbing plant that produces grapes
grapes on the vine
vine leaves

Any climbing plant with long thin stems; one of these stems

187
Q

Shutter

A

(N.)

One of a pair of wooden or metal covers that can be closed over the outside of a window to keep out light or protect the windows from damage
•to open/close the shutters
They explored, throwing open the shutters in each of the big rooms.
(British English, figurative) More than 70 000 shopkeepers have been forced to put up the shutters (= close down their businesses) in the past year.

The part of a camera that opens to allow light to pass through the lens when you take a photograph
the quiet click of the shutter

188
Q

Inception

A

(N.)

The start of an institution, an organization, etc.

The club has grown rapidly since its inception in 2007.

189
Q

Seek

A

(V.)

To look for something/somebody
•seek something/somebody
Drivers are advised to seek alternative routes.
•seek for something/somebody
They sought in vain for somewhere to shelter.

Seek (something): To try to obtain or achieve something
to seek funding for a project
Highly qualified secretary seeks employment. (= in an advertisement)

To ask somebody for something
I think it’s time we sought legal advice.

Seek to do something: To try to do something
synonym attempt
They quickly sought to distance themselves from the protesters.

-seeking: Looking for or trying to get the thing mentioned; the activity of doing this
attention-seeking behaviour
Voluntary work can provide a framework for job-seeking

190
Q

Trial

A

(N.)

law
A formal examination of evidence in court by a judge and often a jury, to decide if somebody accused of a crime is guilty or not
She will stand trial/go on trial for fraud.
The men were arrested but not brought to trial
در دست دادرسی

test
The process of testing the ability, quality or performance of somebody/something, especially before you make a final decision about them
The new drug is undergoing clinical trials.
She agreed to employ me for a trial period.

in sport
A competition or series of tests to find the best players for a sports team or an important event
Olympic trials

for animals
An event at which animals compete or perform
horse trials

difficult experience
An experience or a person that causes difficulties for somebody
the trials and tribulations of married life

191
Q

Permission

A

(V.)

The act of allowing somebody to do something, especially when this is done by somebody in a position of authority
•permission (for something)
You must ask permission for all major expenditure.
•permission (for somebody/something) (to do something)
The school has been refused permission to expand.

An official written statement allowing somebody to do something
The publisher is responsible for obtaining the necessary permissions to reproduce illustrations.

192
Q

Assistance

A

(N.)

Help or support
•technical/economic/military assistance
financial assistance for people on low incomes
Can I be of any assistance?
Despite his cries, no one came to his assistance.
He can walk only with the assistance of crutches.
•assistance with something
She offered me practical assistance with my research.
•assistance in doing something/to do something
The company provides advice and assistance in finding work.

193
Q

Staff

A

(N.)

All the workers employed in an organization considered as a group
 medical staff
 teaching staff
 We have 20 part-time members of staff. 
 staff members
 staff development/training
 a staff restaurant/meeting

The people who work at a school, college or university, but who do not teach students
students, faculty and staff

A group of senior army officers who help a commanding officer
a staff officer

A long stick used as a support when walking or climbing, as a weapon, or as a symbol of authority

A set of five lines on which music is written

194
Q

Mop

A

(N.)

A tool for washing floors that has a long handle with a bunch of thick strings or soft material at the end
a mop and bucket
I used a mop to clean the floor.

A kitchen utensil (= a tool) for washing dishes, that has a short handle with soft material at one end

A mass of thick, often untidy, hair
a mop of curly red hair

195
Q

Filthy

A

(Adj.)

Very dirty and unpleasant
filthy rags/streets
It’s filthy in here!

Very rude and offensive and usually connected with sex
filthy language/words
He’s got a filthy mind (= is always thinking about sex).

(informal) Showing anger
He was in a filthy mood.
She has a filthy temper.
Ann gave him a filthy look.

(British English, informal) (of the weather) Cold and wet
Isn’t it a filthy day?

196
Q

Wipe

A

(V.)

An act of cleaning something using a cloth
Can you give the table a quick wipe?

A special piece of thin cloth or soft paper that has been treated with a liquid and that you use to clean away dirt and bacteria
Remember to take nappies and baby wipes.
antiseptic wipe

197
Q

Broom

A

(N.)

A brush on the end of a long handle, used for sweeping floors
Grab a broom and let’s clean up.

A wild bush with small yellow flowers

198
Q

Sweep

A

(V.)

with brush or hand:
To clean a room, surface, etc. using a broom
Chimneys should be swept regularly.

To remove something from a surface using a brush, your hand, etc.
She swept the clothes onto the floor and invited him to sit down.

move quickly/with force:
To move or push somebody/something suddenly and with a lot of force
The little boat was swept out to sea.

(of weather, fire, etc.) To move suddenly and/or with force over an area or in a particular direction
Rain swept in through the broken windows.

of a person:
To move quickly and/or smoothly, especially in a way that impresses or is intended to impress other people
Without another word she swept out of the room.

To move something, especially your hand or arm, quickly and smoothly in a particular direction
He rushed to greet her, sweeping his arms wide.

of feelings:
To suddenly affect somebody strongly
A wave of tiredness swept over her.

of ideas/fashions:
To spread quickly
Rumours of his resignation swept through the company.

look/move over area:
To move over an area, especially in order to look for something
His eyes swept around the room.

touch surface:
Sweep something to move, or move something, over a surface, touching it lightly
Her dress swept the ground as she walked.

hair:
To brush, comb, etc. your hair in a particular direction
Her hair was swept back from her face.

of landscape:
To form a long smooth curve
The hotel gardens sweep down to the beach.

in sport:
To win all the games in a series of games against another team or all the parts of a contest
New Jersey swept Detroit last season.

199
Q

Witty

A

(Adj.)

Able to say or write clever, amusing things
a witty speaker
a witty remark

200
Q

Riddle

A

(N.)

A question that is difficult to understand, and that has a surprising answer, that you ask somebody as a game
Stop talking in riddles (= saying things that are confusing)—say what you mean.
to solve the riddle of the Sphinx

A mysterious event or situation that you cannot explain synonym mystery
the riddle of how the baby died
The riddle of his identity was only solved when his brother saw him on TV.

201
Q

Gamble

A

(V.)

To risk money on a card game, horse race, etc.
•gamble (at/on something)
to gamble at cards
to gamble on the horses
•gamble something (at/on something)
I gambled all my winnings on the last race.

To risk losing something in the hope of being successful
•gamble something (on something)
He’s gambling his reputation on this deal.
•gamble with/on something
It was wrong to gamble with our children’s future.

202
Q

Jockey

A

(N.)

A person who rides horses in races, especially as a job
Which jockey will be riding tomorrow?

203
Q

Umpire

A

(N.)

(informal ump) (in sports such as tennis and baseball) A person whose job is to watch a game and make sure that rules are not broken
The umpire’s decision is final.
Taylor was given out by the umpire.

204
Q

Tackle

A

(V.)
Tackle something: To make a determined effort to deal with a difficult problem or situation
The government is determined to tackle inflation.

Tackle somebody (about something): To speak to somebody about a problem or difficult situation
synonym confront
I tackled him about the money he owed me.

Tackle (somebody) (in football (soccer ), hockey, etc.): To try and take the ball from an opponent
He was tackled just outside the penalty area.

Tackle (somebody) (in rugby or American football): To make an opponent fall to the ground in order to stop them running

Tackle somebody: To deal with somebody who is violent or threatening you
He tackled a masked intruder at his home.

205
Q

Format

A

(N.)

The general arrangement, plan, design, etc. of something
The format of the new quiz show has proved popular.

The shape and size of a book, magazine, etc.
They’ve brought out the magazine in a new format.

(computing) The way in which data is stored or held to be worked on by a computer
The images are stored in a digital format within the database.

206
Q

Insight

A

(N.)

The ability to see and understand the truth about people or situations
a writer of great insight
With a flash of insight I realized what the dream

Insight (into something): An understanding of what something is like
The book gives us fascinating insights into life in Mexico.
I hope you have gained some insight into the difficulties we face.

207
Q

Contribute

A

(V.)

To give something, especially money or goods, to help somebody/something
•contribute something (to/towards something)
We contributed £5 000 to the earthquake fund.
•contribute (to/towards something)
Would you like to contribute to our collection?
Do you wish to contribute?

Contribute (to something): To be one of the causes of something
Medical negligence was said to have contributed to her death.
Human error may have been a contributing factor.

To increase, improve or add to something
•contribute to something
Immigrants have contributed to British culture in many ways.
•contribute something to something
This book contributes little to our understanding of the subject.

To write things for a newspaper, magazine, or a radio or television programme; to speak during a meeting or conversation, especially to give your opinion
•contribute something (to something)
She contributed a number of articles to the magazine.
•contribute (to something)
He contributes regularly to the magazine ‘New Scientist’.
We hope everyone will contribute to the discussion.

208
Q

Pal

A

(N.)

(informal, becoming old-fashioned) A friend
We’ve been pals for years.
see also pen pal

(informal) Used to address a man in an unfriendly way
If I were you, pal, I’d stay away from her!

209
Q

Submit

A

(V.)

Submit something (to somebody/something): To give a document, proposal, etc. to somebody in authority so that they can study or consider it
•to submit an application/a claim/a complaint
 Completed projects must be submitted by 10 March

(formal) To accept the authority, control or greater strength of somebody/something; to agree to something because of this
synonym give in (to somebody/something), yield
She refused to submit to threats.
He submitted himself to a search by the guards.

Submit that… (law or formal): To say or suggest something
Counsel for the defence submitted that the evidence was inadmissible.

210
Q

Layout

A

(N.)
The way in which the parts of something such as the page of a book, a garden or a building are arranged
the layout of streets
the magazine’s attractive new page layout
There is no single correct layout for business letters.
Are you familiar with the general layout of the hospital?

211
Q

Accuracy

A

(N.)

The state of being exact or correct; the ability to do something skilfully without making mistakes
They questioned the accuracy of the information in the file.
Candidates are judged on technical accuracy as well as artistic expression.
She hits the ball with great accuracy.

212
Q

Component

A

(N.)

One of several parts of which something is made
the components of a machine
the car component industry
Key components of the government’s plan are…
Trust is a vital component in any relationship.

213
Q

Relevant

A

(Adj.)

Closely connected with the subject you are discussing or the situation you are thinking about
a relevant suggestion/question/point
Do you have the relevant experience?
Send me all the relevant information.
•relevant to something/somebody
These comments are not directly relevant to this inquiry.
opposite irrelevant

Relevant (to something/somebody): Having ideas that are valuable and useful to people in their lives and work
Her novel is still relevant today.
How relevant is religious education to most children?

214
Q

Assessment

A

(N.)

An opinion or a judgement about somebody/something that has been thought about very carefully synonym evaluation
a detailed assessment of the risks involved

The act of judging or forming an opinion about somebody/something
written exams and other forms of assessment
Objective assessment of the severity of the problem was difficult.

An amount that has been calculated and that must be paid
a tax assessment

215
Q

Provision

A

(N.)
The act of supplying somebody with something that they need or want; something that is supplied
housing provision
The government is responsible for the provision of health care.
The provision of specialist teachers is being increased.

Provision for somebody/something: Preparations that you make for something that might or will happen in the future
He had already made provisions for (= planned for the financial future of) his wife and children before the accident.
You should make provision for things going wrong.

Provisions [plural]: Supplies of food and drink, especially for a long journey
We have enough provisions to last us two weeks.

A condition or an arrangement in a legal document
Under the provisions of the lease, the tenant is responsible for repairs.

216
Q

Statutory

A

(Adj.)

Fixed by law; that must be done by law
The authority failed to carry out its statutory duties.
When you buy foods you have certain statutory rights.

217
Q

Rowing

A

(N.)

The sport or activity of travelling in a boat using oars
to go rowing

218
Q

Floral

A

(Adj.)

Consisting of pictures of flowers; decorated with pictures of flowers
wallpaper with a floral design/pattern
a floral dress

Made of flowers
a floral arrangement/display
Floral tributes were sent to the church.
a beautiful floral scent

219
Q

Pleated

A

(Adj.)

Having pleats
a pleated skirt
چین‌دار، پلیسه‌دار

220
Q

Polo neck

A

(N.)

(North American English turtleneck)

Clothes
A high round collar made when the neck of a piece of clothing is folded over; a piece of clothing with a polo neck
a polo-neck sweater
You can wear a polo neck with that jacket.

221
Q

V-neck

A

(N.)

An opening for the neck in a piece of clothing shaped like the letter V; a piece of clothing with a V-neck
a V-neck sweater
a navy V-neck

222
Q

Striped

A

(Adj.)

Marked with a pattern of stripes
a striped shirt
a blue and white striped jacket
راه راه

223
Q

Checked

A

(Adj.)

Having a pattern of squares, usually of two colours

checked material

224
Q

Belted

A

(Adj.)

With a belt around it

a belted jacket

225
Q

Collar

A

(N.)

The part around the neck of a shirt, jacket or coat that usually folds down
a coat with a fur collar
I turned up my collar against the wind (= to keep warm).
He always wears a collar and tie for work.

A band of leather or plastic put around the neck of an animal, especially a dog
a collar and lead/leash

(specialist) A band made of a strong material that is put round something, such as a pipe or a piece of machinery, to make it stronger or to join two parts together

226
Q

Baggy

A

(Adj.)

(of clothes) Fitting loosely
a baggy T-shirt
opposite tight

227
Q

Preserve

A

(V.)

Preserve something: To keep a particular quality, feature, etc.; to make sure that something is kept
He was anxious to preserve his reputation.
She managed to preserve her sense of humour under very trying circumstances.

[often passive] To keep something in its original state in good condition
•preserve something/somebody a perfectly
preserved 14th century house
(humorous) Is he really 60? He’s remarkably well preserved.
•preserve something + adj.
This vase has been preserved intact.

Preserve something: To prevent something, especially food, from decaying by treating it in a particular way
olives preserved in brine
Wax polish preserves wood and leather.

Preserve somebody/something (from something): To keep somebody/something alive, or safe from harm or danger
synonym save
The society was set up to preserve endangered species from extinction.

228
Q

Veal

A

(N.)

Meat from a calf (= a young cow)

229
Q

Celery

A

(N.)

A vegetable with long crisp light green stems that are often eaten raw
(British English) a stick of celery
(North American English) a stalk of celery
Chop the celery and add it to the salad.
کرفس

230
Q

Grate

A

(N.)

A metal frame for holding the wood or coal in a fireplace
A huge log fire was burning in the grate. چهارپایه درون شومینه

(also sewer grate) (both US English) (British English drain) A frame of metal bars over the opening to a drain in the ground see also grating
در چاه

رنده

231
Q

Cabbage

A

(N.)

A round vegetable with large green, purplish-red or white leaves that can be eaten raw or cooked
 Do you like cabbage?
 two cabbages
 white/red cabbage
كلم
232
Q

Cucumber

A

(N.)

A long vegetable with dark green skin and light green flesh, that is usually eaten raw
خيار

233
Q

Spinach

A

(N.)

A vegetable with large dark green leaves that are cooked or eaten in salads

234
Q

Hedge

A

(N.)

A row of bushes or small trees planted close together, usually along the edge of a field, garden/yard or road
a privet hedge

Hedge against something: A way of protecting yourself against the loss of something, especially money
to buy gold as a hedge against inflation

235
Q

Drowsy

A

(Adj.)

Tired and almost asleep synonym sleepy
The tablets may make you feel drowsy.

Making you feel relaxed and tired
a drowsy afternoon in the sunshine

236
Q

Saucer

A

(N.)

A small shallow round dish that a cup stands on; an object that is shaped like this
cups and saucers
نعلبكى

237
Q

Raw

A
(Adj.)
food
Not cooked
 raw meat
 These fish are often eaten raw.

materials
In its natural state; not yet changed, used or made into something else
raw sugar

information
Not yet organized into a form in which it can be easily used or understood
This information is only raw data and will need further analysis.

emotions/qualities
Powerful and natural; not controlled or trained
songs full of raw emotion
He started with nothing but raw talent and determination.

part of body
Red and painful because the skin has been damaged
There were raw patches on her feet where the shoes had rubbed.
His throat was raw and painful.
The skin on her feet had been rubbed raw.

person
New to a job or an activity and therefore without experience or skill
a raw beginner
raw recruits (= for example, in the army)

weather
Very cold
a raw north wind
It had been a wet raw winter.

description
Honest, direct and sometimes shocking
a raw portrayal of working-class life
(AmE) raw language (= containing many sexual details)

238
Q

Scramble

A

(V.)

walk/climb
To move quickly, especially with difficulty, using your hands to help you synonym clamber
She managed to scramble over the wall.
He scrambled up the cliff and raced towards the car.

push/fight
To push, fight or compete with others in order to get or to reach something
•scramble for something
The audience scrambled for the exits.
•scramble to do something
Shoppers were scrambling to get the best bargains.

achieve something with difficulty
To manage to achieve something with difficulty, or in a hurry, without much control
Cork scrambled a 1–0 win over Monaghan.
Rooney managed to scramble the ball into the net.

eggs
To cook an egg by mixing the white and yellow parts together and heating them, sometimes with milk and butter
scrambled eggs

telephone/radio
To change the way that a telephone or radio message sounds so that only people with special equipment can understand it
scrambled satellite signals

confuse thoughts
To confuse somebody’s thoughts, ideas, etc. so that they have no order
Alcohol seemed to have scrambled his brain.

aircraft
To order that planes, etc. should take off immediately in an emergency; to take off immediately in an emergency
A helicopter was scrambled to help rescue three young climbers.
They scrambled as soon as the call came through.

239
Q

Stale

A

(Adj.)

(of food, especially bread and cake) No longer fresh and therefore unpleasant to eat

(of air, smoke, etc.) No longer fresh; smelling unpleasant
stale cigarette smoke
stale sweat

Something that is stale has been said or done too many times before and is no longer interesting or exciting
stale jokes
Their marriage had gone stale.

A person who is stale has done the same thing for too long and so is unable to do it well or produce any new ideas
After ten years in the job, she felt stale and needed a change.
The cast is changed regularly to stop the actors from getting stale.