4 Flashcards
Sanative
(Adj.)
Curative, therapeutic, having healing qualities
Abrupt
(Adj.)
Sudden and unexpected come to an abrupt end/ halt etc Seeming rude and unfriendly, especially because you do not waste time in friendly conversation abruptly adverb abruptness noun
Acclime
(V.)
To praise someone or something publicly
Twist
(V.)
To turn a part of your body around or change your position by turning
If you twist your mouth or features, you smile in an unpleasant way or look angry, disapproving etc
To bend or turn something, such as wire, hair, or cloth, into a particular shape
To wind something around or through an object
Opponent
(N.)
Someone who you try to defeat in a competition, game, fight, or argument
leading/ main/ chief opponent
formidable/ worthy opponent
Someone who disagrees with a plan, idea, or system and wants to try to stop or change it
OPP proponent
opponent of
bitter/ vocal/ outspoken opponent
Conflict
(N.) A state of disagreement or argument between people, groups, countries etc conflict over conflict between in conflict with somebody political/ social/ industrial conflict
A situation in which you have to choose between two or more opposite needs, influences etc
conflict between
in conflict with something
Squirrel
(N.)
A small animal with a long furry tail that climbs trees and eats nuts
Faculity
(N.)
A department or group of related departments within a university>school
faculty of
All the teachers in a university
A natural ability, such as the ability to see, hear, or think clearly
(formal) A particular skill that someone has
SYN talent
Dozen
Number
twelve
two three four etc dozen =24, 36, 48 etc
dozens of people/ companies/ cars etc
(informal) a lot of
a dozen
dozens of something
Sum
(N.)
An amount of money
A simple calculation by adding, multiplying, dividing etc, especially one done by children at school
The sum of something:the total produced when you add two or more numbers or amounts together
greater/ more/ better etc than the sum of its parts:having a quality or effectiveness as a group that you would not expect from the quality of each member
Uncanny
(Adj.)
Very strange and difficult to explain
Autonomous
(Adj.)
An autonomous place or organization is free to govern or control itself
SYN independent
an autonomous region/ state/ republic etc
(formal) Having the ability to work and make decisions by yourself without any help from anyone else
SYN independent
Craggy
(Adj.)
A mountain that is craggy is very steep and covered in rough rocks
Having a face with many deep lines on it
Minus
Preposition
Used to show that one number or quantity is being subtracted from another
OPP plus
(informal) Without something that would normally be there, or that used to be there
Multiply
(V.) To do a calculation in which you add a number to itself a particular number of times >divide multiply something by something To increase by a large amount or number, or to make something do this Breed
Divided by
(V.)
If something divides, or if you divide it, it separates into two or more parts
divide something into something
divide into
(also divide off) To keep two areas separate from each other
divide something from something
To calculate how many times one number contains a smaller number
>multiply
divide something by something
Equal
(V.)
To be exactly the same in size, number, or amount as something else
To be as good as something else, or get to the same standard as someone or something else
Be equalled (only) by something:used to say that two things are as strong or as important as each other
To produce a particular result or effect
Dye
(V.)
To give something a different colour using a dye
dye something black/ blue/ blonde etc
Tough
(Adj.)
Difficult to do or deal with
Physically or emotionally strong and able to deal with difficult situations
Not easily broken or made weaker
Very strict or firm
A tough part of a town has a lot of crime or violence
Though
Conjunction
Used to introduce a statement that makes the main statement coming after it seem surprising, unlikely, or unexpected
SYN although
Used like but to add a fact or opinion that makes what you have just said seem less definite, less important etc
as though
in a way that makes you think something is true
SYN as if
in a way that might make you think something was true, although you know it is not true
SYN as if
Cantaloupe
Cantaloup
(N.)
A type of melon with a hard green skin and sweet orange flesh
Instant
(Adj.)
Happening or produced immediately
SYN immediate
Instant food, coffee etc is in the form of powder and prepared by adding hot water
Instance
(N.) For instance for example مثلا به عنوان نمونه
An example of a particular kind of situation
instance of
instance where/ when
In the first instance: at the beginning of a series of actions
At somebody’s instance (formal): because of someone’s wish or request
Withdraw
(V.)
(withdrew, withdrawn)
To stop taking part in an activity, belonging to an organization etc, or to make someone do this
To stop giving support or money to someone or something, especially as the result of an official decision
If you withdraw a threat, offer, request etc, you say that you no longer will do what you said
Despite
Preposition
Used to say that something happens or is true even though something else might have prevented it
SYN in spite of
despite the fact (that)
Despite yourself: if you do something despite yourself, you do it although you did not intend to
Hypothetical
(Adj.)
Based on a situation that is not real, but that might happen
hypothetical situation/ example/ question
> imaginary
hypothetically adverb
Take up
Phrasal verb
Start a new hobby
Sam has taken up jogging, he likes it.
Take on
Phrasal verb
To empoly or hire
Our company took on new workman.
Take over
Phrasal verb
Get control of something
Our company was taken over by our rival.
Take back
Phrasal verb
Return something to the place where it was bought
I took that TV-set back.
Take down
Phrasal verb
Write down
The students took down the lecture
Take off
Phrasal verb
To rise into the air or begin flight
The plane took off on time
Take in
Phrasal verb
To understand
It was a difficult to take in all he said.
Take after
Phrasal verb
Resemble in character or appearance
He takes after his father
Instead
(Adv.)
Instead of somebody/something: used to say what is not used, does not happen etc, when something else is used, happens etc
Used to say what is done, when you have just said that a particular thing is not done
Rewrite
(V.)
To change something that has been written, especially in order to improve it, or because new information is available
SYN revise
rewrite noun
Essay
(N.)
A short piece of writing about a particular subject by a student as part of a course of study
essay on/about
A short piece of writing giving someone’s ideas about politics, society etc
essay on
(formal) An attempt to do something
Grammar
(N.)
The rules by which words change their forms and are combined into sentences, or the study or use of these rules
A particular description of grammar or a book that describes grammar rules
Clarity
(N.)
The clarity of a piece of writing, law, argument etc is its quality of being expressed clearly
>clear
The ability to think, understand, or remember something clearly
>clear
clarity of vision/purpose/thought etc
The quality of being clear and easy to see or hear
>clear
Vague
(Adj.)
Unclear because someone does not give enough detailed information or does not say exactly what they mean
vague about
have a vague idea/feeling/recollection etc (that): to think that something might be true or that you remember something, although you cannot be sure
Not having a clear shape or form
SYN indistinct
vagueness noun
Coherence
Coherency
(N.)
When something such as a piece of writing is easy to understand because its parts are connected in a clear and reasonable way
If a group has coherence, its members are connected or united because they share common aims, qualities, or beliefs
Clause
(N.)
A part of a written law or legal document covering a particular subject of the whole law or document
(technical)
A group of words that contains a subject and a verb, but which is usually only part of a sentence
Tighten up
Phrasal verb
If a team or group tightens up, they start working together more effectively
tighten something ↔ up
Aim
(V.) To try or intend to achieve something aim to do something (be) aimed at doing something aim for
Aim something at somebody:
to say or do something that is intended for a particular person or group of people
To choose the place, person etc that you want to hit or reach and point a weapon or another object towards them
aim at/for
Yield
(V.)
To produce a result, answer, or piece of information
To produce crops, profits etc
To allow yourself to be forced or persuaded to do something or stop having something
To allow other traffic on a bigger road to go first
SYN give way
To move, bend, or break because of physical force or pressure
SYN give
To stop fighting and accept defeat
SYN surrender
Concise
(Adj.)
Short, with no unnecessary words
SYN brief
Shorter than the original book on which something is based
concisely adverb
conciseness noun
Succinct
(Adj.)
Clearly expressed in a few words – use this to show approval
SYN concise
succinctly adv
succinctness noun
Break out
Phrasal verb
If something unpleasant such as a fire, fight, or war breaks out, it starts to happen
To escape from a prison
break out of
To change the way you live because you feel bored
break out of
break out in spots/a rash/a sweat etc
if you break out in spots etc, they appear on your skin
Ease
(V.)
If something unpleasant eases, or if you ease it, it gradually improves or becomes less
ease the pain/stress/tension
ease the pressure/burden
To make a process happen more easily
SYN smooth
To move yourself or something slowly and carefully into another place or position
ease yourself into/through etc something
ease your way past/through etc something
Eliminate
(V.)
To completely get rid of something that is unnecessary or unwanted
>eradicate
To defeat a team or person in a competition, so that they no longer take part in it
SYN knock out
To kill someone in order to prevent them from causing trouble
Envisage
(V.)
To think that something is likely to happen in the future
envisage doing something
Erupt
(V.)
If fighting, violence, noise etc erupts, it starts suddenly
SYN break out
If a volcano erupts, it explodes and sends smoke, fire, and rock into the sky
If a place or situation erupts, there is a sudden increase in activity or emotion erupt into Erupt into laughter/shouting etc: to suddenly start laughing, shouting etc
If spots erupt on your body, they suddenly appear on your skin
eruption noun
Evade
(V.)
To avoid talking about something, especially because you are trying to hide something
evasion
To not do or deal with something that you should do
To avoid paying money that you ought to pay, for example tax
To escape from someone who is trying to catch you
(formal) if something evades you, you cannot do it or understand it
SYN elude
Fabricate
(V.)
To invent a story, piece of information etc in order to deceive someone
(technical)
To make or produce goods or equipment
SYN manufacture
Facilitate
(V.) (formal)
To make it easier for a process or activity to happen
facilitation noun
Wee
(Adj.)
(informal) Very small – used especially in Scottish English
A wee bit (informal):
to a small degree
The wee (small) hours (AmE):
The early hours of the morning, just after 12 o’clock at night
SYN the small hours (BrE)
Skimpy
(Adj.)
A skimpy dress or skirt etc is very short and does not cover very much of a woman’s body
Not enough of something
Dreadful
(Adj.)
Extremely unpleasant
SYN terrible
Used to emphasize how bad something or someone is
SYN terrible
Rotten
(Adj.)
Badly decayed and no longer good to use
(informal) Very bad
SYN terrible
(informal) If someone is rotten, they are unpleasant, unkind, or dishonest
Feel rotten:
a) To feel ill
b) To feel unhappy and guilty about something
rottenness noun
Marvellous (BrE)
Marvelous (AmE)
(Adj.)
Extremely good, enjoyable, impressive etc
SYN wonderful
marvellously adverb
Gigantic
(Adj.)
Extremely big
SYN huge
gigantically adverb
Immense
(Adj.)
Extremely large
SYN enormous
Lousy
(Adj.) (especially spoken) Of very bad quality SYN awful, terrible
(spoken) Feel lousy
if you feel lousy, you feel ill
(spoken) Not very good at doing something
SYN hopeless,
terrible
lousy at with
(spoken) Small, useless, or unimportant
be lousy with something (AmE) (old-fashioned) a) a place that is lousy with people of a particular kind is too full of them
b)someone who is lousy with money has a lot more of it than they need
Demonstrate
(V.)
To show or prove something clearly
demonstrate that
demonstrate how/what/why etc
To show or describe how to do something or how something works
demonstrate how
To protest or support something in public with a lot of other people
demonstrate against
To show that you have a particular ability, quality, or feeling
Paramount
(Adj.) (formal)
More important than anything else
paramountcy noun
Read something back
phrasal verb
To read out loud something that you have just written down
[+ to]
Read something into something
Phrasal verb
To think that a situation, action etc has a meaning or importance that it does not really have
Read for something
Phrasal verb
To say some of the words that are said by a particular character in a play, as a test of your ability to act
Read something through/over
Phrasal verb
To read something carefully from beginning to end in order to check details or find mistakes
SYN check over/through
Faithful
(Adj.)
Remaining loyal to a particular person, belief, political party etc and continuing to support them
faithful to
Representing an event or an image in a way that is exactly true or that looks exactly the same
SYN exact
If you are faithful to your wife, boyfriend etc, you do not have a sexual relationship with anyone else
Able to be trusted or depended on
SYN reliable
faithfulness noun
Audience
(N.)
A group of people who come to watch and listen to someone speaking or performing in public
audience of
The people who watch or listen to a particular programme, or who see or hear a particular artist’s, writer’s etc work
target audience = the type of people that a programme, advertisement etc is supposed to attract
Sympathize
(V.)
To feel sorry for someone because you understand their problems
sympathize with
To support someone’s ideas or actions
Indeed
(Adv.)
Used to emphasize a statement or answer
(formal) Used to introduce an additional statement that emphasizes or supports what you have just said
Virtue
(N.)
(formal) moral goodness of character and behaviour
OPP vice
A particular good quality in someone’s character
An advantage that makes something better or more useful than something else
virtue of
by virtue of something (formal)= by means of, or as a result of something
make a virtue of something= to get an advantage from a situation that you cannot change, usually a bad one
make a virtue of necessity=
to get an advantage from doing something that you have to do, or to pretend that you are doing it willingly
Narrative
(N.) (formal)
A description of events in a story, especially in a novel
The process or skill of telling a story
narrative adjective
Brief
(Adj.)
Continuing for a short time
>brevity
a brief period/moment/spell etc
Using very few words or including few details
be brief= to say or write something using only a few words, especially because there is little time
Clothes that are brief are short and cover only a small area of your body
Approachable
(Adj.)
Friendly and easy to talk to
OPP unapproachable
Countdown
(N.)
The period of time before something happens, such as a spacecraft being launched, when someone counts backwards until the event happens
The period of time before an important event, when people become more and more excited about it
countdown to
Come out
Phrasal verb
If something comes out, it is removed from a place
If information comes out, people learn about it, especially after it has been kept secret
If a photograph comes out, it shows a clear picture
If a book, record etc comes out, it becomes publicly available
Trailer
(N.)
A vehicle that can be pulled behind another vehicle, used for carrying something heavy
(AmE) A vehicle that can be pulled behind a car, used for living and sleeping in during a holiday SYN caravan (BrE)
An advertisement for a new film or television show
Critic
(N.)
Someone whose job is to make judgments about the good and bad qualities of art, music, films etc
SYN reviewer
music/art/film/theatre/literary critic
Someone who criticizes a person, organization, or idea
critic of
fierce/outspoken critic
armchair critic= someone who criticizes other people but who does not have any proper experience of the activity the other people are doing
Opening night
(N.)
The first night that a new play, film etc is shown to the public
SYN first night
Nominate
(V.)
To officially suggest someone or something for an important position, duty, or prize
nominate somebody/something for something
nominate somebody/something as something
nominate somebody to do something
To give someone a particular job
nominate somebody as something
nominate somebody to something
Documentary
(N.)
(plural documentaries)
A film or a television or radio programme that gives detailed information about a particular subject
documentary on/about
Cartoon
(N.)
A short film that is made by photographing a series of drawings
A funny drawing in a newspaper or magazine, especially about politicians or events in the news
(alsocartoon strip) A set of drawings that tell a funny story, especially in a newspaper or magazine
SYN comic strip
(technical)
A drawing that an artist does before starting to do a painting
Romantic
(Adj.)
Showing strong feelings of love
Relating to feelings of love or a loving relationship
A romantic story or film is about love
Beautiful in a way that affects your emotions and makes you think of love or adventure
Romantic ideas are not practical or not based on reality
OPP realistic
romantic notion/view/idea etc
Romantic art/literature etc
art or literature that is based on the ideas of romanticism
romantically adverb
Science fiction
(N.)
Stories about events in the future which are affected by imaginary developments in science, for example about travelling in time or to other planets with life on them
Animated
(Adj.)
Showing a lot of interest and energy animated discussion/conversation animated cartoon/film/feature etc a film or programme that shows pictures, clay models etc that seem to be really moving animatedly adverb
Western
(Adj.)
(written abbreviation W)
In or from the west of a country or area
Relating to ideas and ways of doing things that come from Europe and the Americas
(N.)
A film about life in the 19th century in the American West, especially the lives of cowboys
Comedy
(N.) (plural comedies)
Ertainment that is intended to make people laugh
comedy writer/series/show/actor etc
A play, film, or television programme that is intended to make people laugh
The quality in something such as a book or play that makes people laugh
SYN humour
>tragedy
Horror
(N.) A strong feeling of shock and fear in horror with horror to somebody's horror =making someone shocked or afraid
Something that is very terrible, shocking, or frightening
horror of
the horror of something= when a situation or event is very unpleasant or shocking
have a horror of something
to be afraid of something or dislike it very much
Thriller
(N.)
A book or film that tells an exciting story about murder or crime
Moviegoer
(N.) (especially AmE)
Someone who goes to see films at the cinema, especially regularly SYN cinemagoer (BrE)
Used to
Modal verb If s omething used to happen, it happened regularly or all the time in the past, but does not happen now did not use to do something used not to do something (BrE) never used to do something (spoken) did somebody use to do something
if a particular situation used to exist, it existed for a period of time in the past, but does not exist now
did not use to be/do something
did somebody/something use to be/do something
Convey
(V.)
To communicate or express something, with or without using words
convey something to somebody
convey a sense/an impression/an idea etc
(formal) To take or carry something from one place to another
to legally change the possession of property from one person to another
Instance
(N.)
For instance= For example
An example of a particular kind of situation
instance of
instance where/when
in the first instance= at the beginning of a series of actions
at somebody’s instance (formal)= because of someone’s wish or request
Freely
(Adv.)
Without anyone stopping or limiting something
talk/speak/write etc freely
If something moves freely, it moves smoothly and nothing prevents it from doing this
freely available= very easy to obtain
freely admit/acknowledge something= to agree that something is true, even though telling the truth is difficult or embarrassing
Generously and willingly
Attempt
(V.)
To try to do something, especially something difficult
attempt to do something
attempted murder/suicide/rape etc= an act of trying to kill or harm someone, kill yourself etc
Entertainment
(N.)
Things such as films, television, performances etc that are intended to amuse or interest people
light entertainment= comedy
the entertainment industry/business/world
(formal)
When you entertain someone at home, or for business
Chill
(V.)
If you chill something such as food or drink, or if it chills, it becomes very cold but does not freeze
(also chill out) (informal) To relax completely instead of feeling angry, tired, or nervous
To make someone very cold
chilled to the bone/marrow =extremely cold
(literary) To suddenly frighten someone, especially by seeming very cruel or violent
chill somebody to the bone/chill somebody to the marrow/chill somebody’s blood =frighten somebody a lot
Turn out
Phrasal verb
To happen in a particular way, or to have a particular result, especially one that you did not expect
Turn the light out: to stop the flow of electricity to a light by pressing a switch, pulling a string etc
If a lot of people turn out for an event, they go to watch it or take part in it
turn out for
Main character
The most important character in a play, film, or story
SYN protagonist (formal)
Role
(N.)
The way in which someone or something is involved in an activity or situation, and how much influence they have on it
role in
role of
The character played by an actor in a play or film
SYN part
the lead/leading/starring role =the most important role
major/minor role
the title role =the role of the character whose name is in the title of a film or play
Role reversala situation in which two people, especially a man and a woman, each do what is traditionally expected of the other
Hit film/movie
A hit or a flop are terms assigned to movies on the basis of their box office performance. A movie making money (profit) for it’s makers is designated a hit. A movie that does not make enough money (profit) for it’s makers is designated a flop
Plot
(N.)
A secret plan by a group of people to do something harmful or illegal
plot to do something
plot against
The events that form the main story of a book, film, or play
The plot thickens= used to say that events seem to be becoming more complicated – often used humorously
A small piece of land for building or growing things on
A piece of land that a particular family owns in a cemetery, in which members of the family are buried when they die
A drawing that shows the plan of a building at ground level
SYN ground plan
Remake
(V.)
past tense and past participle remade
To film a story or record a piece of music again
To build or make something again
Special effects
(N.)
An unusual image or sound that has been produced artificially to be used in a film or television programme
Subtitle
(N.) (subtitles plural)
The words printed over a film in a foreign language to translate what is being said by the actors
A second title below the main title in a book, which gives more information about what is in the book, show etc
subtitle verb
subtitled adjective
Produce
(V.)
To cause a particular result or effect
>product
To make, write etc something to be bought, used, or enjoyed by people
>product, production
To grow something or make it naturally
>product, production
If you produce an object, you bring it out or present it, so that people can see or consider it
If someone produces a film or play, they find the money for it and control the way it is made
>producer
To give birth to a baby or young animals
Budget
(Adj.)
Very low in price – often used in advertisements
SYN cheap
low-budget/big-budget= used for saying how much money has been spent on doing something, especially making a film
Dub
(V.) (dubbed, dubbing)
To give something or someone a name that describes them in some way
>label, name
be dubbed something
to change the original spoken language of a film or television programme into another language
be dubbed into something
(especially BrE) To make a record out of two or more different pieces of music or sound mixed together
(AmE) to copy a recording from a tape or CD onto another tape
If a king or queen dubs someone, they give the title of knight to that person in a special ceremony
Direct
(V.)
To aim something in a particular direction or at a particular person, group etc
direct something at towards etc something
To be in charge of something or control it
To give the actors in a play, film, or television programme instructions about what they should do
(formal) To tell someone how to get to a place
direct somebody to something
(formal)to tell someone what they should do
SYN order
direct somebody to do something
direct that
Splurge
(V.)
To spend more money than you can usually afford
SYN splash out
splurge (something) on something
splurge noun
Stuff
(N.)
(informal) Used when you are talking about things such as substances, materials, or groups of objects when you do not know what they are called, or it is not important to say exactly what they are
somebody’s stuff (informal)= the things that belong to someone
(informal) Used when talking about different activities, subjects, or ideas, when you do not say exactly what these are
(informal) Used when you are talking about what someone has done or made, for example writing, music, or art
Off the top of your head
(informal)
if you say something off the top of your head, you say it immediately, without thinking carefully about it or checking the facts
Dine
(V.) (formal)
To eat dinner
Make up your mind
Make your mind up
To decide which of two or more choices you want, especially after thinking for a long time
mind about
make up your mind whether
To become very determined to do something, so that you will not change your decision
make up your mind to do something
make up your mind that
To decide what your opinion is about someone or something
mind about
Within a stone’s throw
Very close (to something). (Possibly as close as the distance one could throw a stone. It usually refers to a distance much greater than one could throw a stone.) The police department was located within a stone’s throw of our house
Hesitation
(N.)
When someone hesitates
without hesitation
have no hesitation in doing something
a slight/brief/momentary etc hesitation
Relish
(V.)
To enjoy an experience or the thought of something that is going to happen
relish the prospect/thought/idea
relish the chance/opportunity
Inexpensive
(Adj.)
Cheap – use this to show approval
OPP expensive
inexpensively adverb
Course
(N.)
A series of lessons in a particular subject
SYN class (AmE)
course on/in
(BrE) A period of study in a particular subject, especially at university SYN program (AmE)
⚠ Course is never followed by ‘of’. Do not say ‘a course of Business Studies’. Say ‘a course in Business Studies’.
Settle
(V.)
To end an argument or solve a disagreement
settle a dispute/lawsuit/conflict/argument etc
settle up with
To decide what you are going to do, especially so that you can make definite arrangements
To go to live in a new place, and stay there for a long time
settle in
To put yourself or someone else in a comfortable position
settle yourself in/on etc something
To pay money that is owed
settle a bill/account/claim
settle with
Hesitate
(V.)
To pause before saying or doing something because you are nervous or not sure
hesitate about/over
don’t hesitate to do something= used to tell someone that it is correct or right for them to do something and they do not have to worry about offending anyone
hesitatingly adverb
Bank account
(N.)
An arrangement between a bank and a customer that allows the customer to pay in and take out money
Deposit account
(N.) (especially BrE)
A bank account that pays interest on the money that you leave in it
Current account
(N.) (BrE)
A bank account that you can take money out of at any time
SYN checking account (AmE)
Joint account
(N.)
A bank account held by more than one person, each individual having the right to deposit and withdraw funds.
Checking account
(N.) (AmE)
A bank account that you can take money out of at any time, and for which you are given checks to use to pay for things
SYN current account (BrE)
Savings account
(N.)
A bank account in which you keep money that you want to save for a period of time, and which pays you interest on the money you have in it
Deposit
(V.)
(formal) To put something down in a particular place
To leave a layer of a substance on the surface of something, especially gradually
To put money or something valuable in a bank or other place where it will be safe
deposit something in something
deposit something with somebody/something
Register
In everyday English, people usually say they put in or pay in money, rather than deposit money
I paidput $100 into his account.
You should put your valuables in the hotel
safe
Withdraw
(V.)
past tense withdrew, past participle withdrawn
To stop taking part in an activity, belonging to an organization etc, or to make someone do this
To stop giving support or money to someone or something, especially as the result of an official decision
If you withdraw a threat, offer, request etc, you say that you no longer will do what you said
(formal) If you withdraw a remark, criticism, statement etc, you say that what you said earlier was completely untrue
SYN retract
To take money out of a bank account
SYN take out
Bank statment
(N.)
A document sent regularly by a bank to a customer that lists the amounts of money taken out of and paid into their bank account
Deposit slip
(N.) (AmE)
A form that you use when you put money into your bank account
paying-in slip (BrE)
Balance
(N.)
A state in which all your weight is evenly spread so that you do not fall
A state in which opposite forces or influences exist in equal or the correct amounts, in a way that is good
OPP imbalance
On balance: if you think something on balance, you think it after considering all the facts
catch/throw somebody off balance: to surprise someone and make them confused and no longer calm
The amount of money that you have in your bank account
The balance of a debt is the amount of money that you still owe after you have paid some of it
Interest
(N.)
If you have an interest in something or someone, you want to know or learn more about them
An activity that you enjoy doing or a subject that you enjoy studying
A quality or feature of something that attracts your attention or makes you want to know more about it
a)The extra money that you must pay back when you borrow money
interest on
b)Money paid to you by a bank or financial institution when you keep money in an account there
Mortgage
(N.)
A legal arrangement by which you borrow money from a bank or similar organization in order to buy a house, and pay back the money over a period of years
The amount of money you borrow in the form of a mortgage
Cash
(V.)
Cash a cheque/postal order/draft etc
To exchange a cheque etc for the amount of money it is worth
cashable adjective
Attend
(V.) (formal)
To go to an event such as a meeting or a class
(RegisterIn everyday English, people usually say ‘go to’ or ‘come to’ instead of ‘attend’
I didn’t go to the parents meeting.
Please let us know if you can’t come.)
To go regularly to a school, church etc
(formal) To happen or exist at the same time as something
To look after someone, especially because they are ill
Tuition
(N.)
Teaching, especially in small groups
(AmE) The money you pay for being taught tuition fees (BrE)
Invest
(V.)
To buy shares, property, or goods because you hope that the value will increase and you can make a profit
invest (something) in something
If a government, business, or organization invests in something, they spend a large amount of money to improve it or help it succeed
To use a lot of time, effort etc or spend money in order to make something succeed
(Register: In everyday English, people often say put money in/into something rather than invest in something
He put money into his brother’s business.
The government put in millions of pounds.)
Privacy
(N.)
The state of being able to be alone, and not seen or heard by other people
The state of being free from public attention
Freedom
(N.) The right to do what you want without being controlled or restricted by anyone >liberty freedom to do something freedom of
The state of being free and allowed to do what you want
The state of being free because you are not in prison
OPP captivity,
imprisonment
freedom from something: the state of not being affected by something that makes you worried, unhappy, afraid etc
freedom from fear/pain/worry etc
Refurbish
(V.) (especially BrE)
To decorate and repair something such as a building or office in order to improve its appearance
>renovate
To change and improve a plan, idea, or skill
refurbishment noun
Owner
(N.)
Someone who owns something owner of original/previous/new owner car-owner/dog-owner etc home-owner = someone who owns their house
Ownership
(N.)
The fact of owning something
ownership of
public/private/state ownership
Renovate
(V.)
To repair a building or old furniture so that it is in good condition again
renovation noun
Brag
(V.)
bragged, bragging
To talk too proudly about what you have done, what you own etc – used to show disapproval
SYN boast
brag about
brag that
Earn/make money
What it means to earn money. You earn money when you trade your time and energy for money. In other words, you work for an hour, you get paid for an hour. It doesn’t matter whether you’re being paid by the hour or you receive a monthly salary - you’re still paid by someone else in exchange for your time and energy
Inherit
(V.)
To receive money, property etc from someone after they have died
inherit something from somebody
If you inherit a situation, especially one in which problems have been caused by other people, you have to deal with it
To have the same character or appearance as your parents
To get something that someone else does not want anymore
Waste
(N.)
When something such as money or skills are not used in a way that is effective, useful, or sensible
waste of
go to waste: if something goes to waste, it is not used
be a waste of time/money/effort etc: to be not worth the time, money etc that you use because there is little or no result
Unwanted materials or substances that are left after you have used something
Squander
(V.)
To carelessly waste money, time, opportunities etc
squander something on something
Budget
(N.)
The money that is available to an organization or person, or a plan of how it will be spent
budget of
budget for
on/within budget =not using more money than planned
under budget =using less money than planned
over budget =using more money than planned
on a budget= if you are on a budget, you do not have much money to spend
Bankruptcy
(N.) (plural bankruptcies)
The state of being unable to pay your debts
SYN insolvency
A total lack of a particular good quality
Living expenses
(N.)
The money you need to spend in order to live, for example on food or a house
Loan
(N.)
An amount of money that you borrow from a bank etc
loan of
When you lend something to someone
on loan (from somebody/something): if something or someone is on loan, they have been borrowed
Stock market
(N.)
The business of buying and selling stocks and shares
A place where stocks and shares are bought and sold
SYN stock exchange
Installment (AmE)
Instalment (BrE)
(N.)
One of a series of regular payments that you make until you have paid all the money you owe
One of the parts of a story that appears as a series of parts, especially in a magazine, newspaper etc
Give somebody/something away
Phrasal verb
To give something to someone because you do not want or need it for yourself
[+to]
To give something to someone without asking for any money, rather than selling it to them
[+to]
To show where someone is or what they are doing or thinking when they are trying to keep this a secret
give yourself away
To tell someone something that you should keep secret
To lose in a game or competition by doing something badly or making mistakes
To give formal permission for a woman to marry a man as part of a traditional wedding ceremony
Come into something
Phrasal verb
To receive money, land, or property from someone after they have died
To be involved in something
come into view/sight: if something comes into view, you begin to see it
come into leaf/flower/blossom: to start to produce leaves or flowers
not come into it (spoken): used to say that something is not important
come into your own: to become very good, useful, or important in a particular situation
Put down
Phrasal verb
put something/somebody ↔ down: to put something or someone that you are holding or carrying onto a surface
put somebody ↔ down: to criticize someone and make them feel silly or stupid
SYN belittle
put yourself down
put something ↔ down: to write something, especially a name or number, on a piece of paper or on a list
SYN write down
put down a revolution/revolt/rebellion etc: to stop a revolution etc by using force
put something ↔ down: to pay part of the total cost of something, so that you can pay the rest later
put down on بیعانه دادن
Pay off
Phrasal verb
pay something off: to give someone all the money you owe them
If something you do pays off, it is successful or has a good result
pay somebody ↔ off (BrE): to pay someone their wages and tell them they no longer have a job
pay somebody ↔ off: to pay someone not to say anything about something illegal or dishonest
Sell something off
Phrasal verb
To sell something, especially for a cheap price, because you need the money or because you want to get rid of it
To sell all or part of an industry or company
Sell out
Phrasal verb
If a shop sells out of something, it has no more of that particular thing left to sell
be/have sold out
sell out of
If products, tickets for an event etc sell out, they are all sold and there are none left
To change your beliefs or principles, especially in order to get more money or some other advantage – used to show disapproval
To sell your business or your share in a business
Long
(V.) To want something very much, especially when it seems unlikely to happen soon long to do something long for long for somebody to do something
Apprise
(V.) (formal)
To tell or give someone information about something
SYN inform
apprise somebody of something
Attain
(V.) (formal)
To succeed in achieving something after trying for a long time
To reach a particular level, age, size etc
attainable adjective
Insulting
(Adj.)
Very rude and offensive to someone
insulting to
insultingly adverb
Amply
(Adv.)
generously; plentifully, bountifully
Inevitability
(N.)
The fact that something is certain to happen, or something that is certain to happen
inevitability of
Mimicker
(N.)
Person who imitates; that which copies or resembles closely;
One who imitates in an offensive manner
Assess
(V.)
To make a judgment about a person or situation after thinking carefully about it
SYN judge
assess the impact/extent/effectiveness etc of something
assess what/how etc
be assessed as something
To calculate the value or cost of something
be assessed at something
Offend
(V.)
To make someone angry or upset by doing or saying something that they think is rude, unkind etc
be offended by at something
To seem bad or unacceptable to someone
(formal) To commit a crime or crimes
(formal) To be against people’s feelings of what is morally acceptable
offend against
Lengthen
(V.)
To make something longer or to become longer
OPP shorten
Register
In everyday English, people usually say that something gets longer rather than lengthens
The days began to get longer
Unavoidable
(Adj.)
impossible to prevent
unavoidably adv
Ample
(Adj.)
More than enough SYN sufficient OPP insufficient ample time/evidence/opportunity ample room/space etc
(literary) Large in a way that is attractive or pleasant
amply adv
Imitate
(V.)
To copy the way someone behaves, speaks, moves etc, especially in order to make people laugh
⚠ Do not use imitate to mean do the same thing as someone else. Use copy She worries that Tom will copy his brother NOT imitate his brother and leave home
To copy something because you think it is good
imitator noun
Remark
(N.)
Something that you say when you express an opinion or say what you have noticed
SYN comment
remarks: the things you say in a formal speech
introductory/opening/concluding remarks
in somebody’s remarks
Anger
(V.)
To make someone angry
SYN annoy
be angered by/at something
RegisterIn everyday English, people usually say something makes them angry rather than say that it angers them
I didn’t want to anger him.❌
I didn’t want to make him angry✅
Detain
(V.)
To officially prevent someone from leaving a place
(formal) To stop someone from leaving as soon as they expected
SYN delay
Measure
(V.)
To find the size, length, or amount of something, using standard units such as inches, metres etc
measure somebody for something= measure someone in order to make clothes for them
measure something in something
measuring jug/cup/tape= one used for measuring
To judge the importance, value, or true nature of something
SYN assess
To be a particular size, length, or amount
If a piece of equipment measures something, it shows or records a particular kind of measurement
Longevity
(N.)
The amount of time that someone or something lives
longevity of
Long life or the long time that something lasts
The amount of time that something lasts
Surrounding
(Adj.)
Near or around a particular place
SYN nearby
Mimic
(V.) (mimicked, mimicking)
To copy the way someone speaks or behaves, especially in order to make people laugh
SYN imitate,
take off
To behave or operate in exactly the same way as something or someone else
If an animal mimics something, it looks or sounds very like it
mimicry noun
Value
(V.)
To think that someone or something is important
value somebody/something for something
To decide how much money something is worth, by comparing it with similar things
value something at something
valued adjective
Lengthy
(Adj.)
comparative lengthier, superlative lengthiest
Continuing for a long time, often too long
OPP brief
A speech, piece of writing etc that is lengthy is long and often contains too many details
Maintain
(V.)
To make something continue in the same way or at the same standard as before
To make a level or rate of activity, movement etc stay the same
To strongly express your belief that something is true
SYN claim
maintain (that)
maintain your innocence= say that you did not commit a crime
To keep a machine, building etc in good condition by checking and repairing it regularly
To provide someone with the things they need, such as money or food
SYN provide for
Outcome
(N.)
The final result of a meeting, discussion, war etc – used especially when no one knows what it will be until it actually happens
SYN result
outcome of
Register
Outcome is slightly formal and is used mostly in writing. In everyday English, people are more likely to talk about what happened
It was impossible to predict what would happen in the election
Occur
(V.) (formal)
occurred, occurring
To happen
Register
In everyday English, people usually say happen rather than occur
The accident happened while she was at school
To happen or exist in a particular place or situation
occur in/among etc
Inevitable
(Adj.)
Certain to happen and impossible to avoid
it is inevitable (that)
inevitable consequence/result
the inevitable: a situation that is certain to happen
Evaluate
(V.)
To judge how good, useful, or successful something is
SYN assess
Sufficient
(Adj.) (formal)
As much as is needed for a particular purpose
SYN enough
OPP insufficient
sufficient to do something
sufficient for
sufficiently adv
Offensive
(Adj.)
Very rude or insulting and likely to upset people
OPP inoffensive
offensive to
(formal) Very unpleasant
For attacking
>defensive
Relating to getting points and winning a game, rather than stopping the other team from getting points
OPP defensive
offensively adv
offensiveness noun
Long-term
(Adj.)
Continuing for a long period of time, or relating to what will happen in the distant future
OPP short-term
the long-term unemployed= people who have not had a job for a long time
long-term plan/strategy/solution
long-term loan/investment
in the long term
Weigh
(V.)
To have a particular weight
To use a machine to discover how much something or someone weighs
weigh yourself
(also weigh up) to consider something carefully so that you can make a decision about it
weigh something against something
(formal) to influence someone’s opinion and the decision that they make
weigh against
weigh in somebody’s/something’s favour
weigh with
weigh your words= to think very carefully about what you say because you do not want to say the wrong thing
Inevitably
(Adv.)
Used for saying that something is certain to happen and cannot be avoided
Speed
(V.)
past tense and past participle sped or speeded
To go quickly
To take someone or something somewhere very quickly
be speeding: to be driving faster than the legal limit
(also speed something ↔ up): to make something happen faster
OPP slow down
Obtain
(V.) (formal)
To get something that you want, especially through your own effort, skill, or work
SYN get
obtain something from somebody something
obtain something through something
Register
In everyday English, people say that they get a result, a ticket, some information etc rather than obtain it
You have to get permission from your parents.
If a situation, system, or rule obtains, it continues to exist
Offence (BrE)
Offense (AmE)
(N.)
An illegal action or a crime
offence against
When you offend or upset someone by something you do or say
cause/give offence
no offence (spoken): used to tell someone that you hope that what you are going to say or do will not offend them
take offence (at something): to feel offended because of something someone says or does
(formal) the act of attacking
Surroundings
(N.)
The objects, buildings, natural things etc that are around a person or thing at a particular time
somebody’s surroundings
Trend
(N.)
A general tendency in the way a situation is changing or developing
trend towards
trend in
set the trend: to start doing something that other people copy
on trend: fashionable – used especially in magazines
Intermittend
(Adj.)
Stopping and starting often and for short periods
SYN sporadic
intermittently adverb
Fast
(V.)
To eat little or no food for a period of time, especially for religious reasons
Consume
(V.)
To use time, energy, goods etc
>consumption
(formal) To eat or drink something
>consumer, consumption
(literary) If a feeling or idea consumes you, it affects you very strongly, so that you cannot think about anything else
be consumed with something
(formal) If fire consumes something, it destroys it completely
Calorie
(N.)
A unit for measuring the amount of energy that food will produce
low-calorie/high-calorie
(technical)
The amount of heat that is needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius. It is used as a unit for measuring energy
caloric adjective
Beverage
(N.) (formal)
A hot or cold drink
Keep up
Phrasal verb
keep something ↔ up: to continue doing something
If a situation keeps up, it continues without stopping or changing
SYN continue
To go as quickly as someone else
keep up with
To manage to do as much or as well as other people
OPP fall behind
To continue to read and learn about a particular subject, so that you always know about the most recent facts, products etc
Anatomy
(N.) (plural anatomies)
The scientific study of the structure of human or animal bodies
human/animal anatomy
The structure of a body, or of a part of a body
anatomy of
Your body – often used in a humorous way
the/an anatomy of something:
a) a study or examination of an organization, process etc in order to understand and explain how it works
b) the structure of an organization, process etc or the way it works
Shoulder
(N.)
One of the two parts of the body at each side of the neck where the arm is connected
The part of a piece of clothing that covers your shoulders
The upper part of the front leg of an animal that is used for meat
Bust
(N.)
A model of someone’s head, shoulders, and upper chest, usually made of stone or metal
bust of
A woman’s breasts, or the part of her clothes that covers her breasts
A measurement around a woman’s breast and back
(informal) A situation in which the police go into a place in order to catch people doing something illegal
Elbow
(N.)
The joint where your arm bends
The part of a shirt etc that covers your elbow
elbow grease (informal): hard work and effort, especially when cleaning or polishing something
give somebody the elbow (BrE) (informal): to tell someone that you no longer like them or want them to work for you and that they should leave
elbow room: enough space in which to move easily
a curved part of a pipe
Palm
(N.)
The inside surface of your hand, in which you hold things
(also palm tree)
A tropical tree which grows near beaches or in deserts, with a long straight trunk and large pointed leaves at the top
hold/have somebody in the palm of your hand: to have a strong influence on someone, so that they do what you want them to do
read somebody’s palm: to tell someone what is going to happen to them in the future by looking at the lines on their hand
Nail
(N.)
A thin pointed piece of metal with a flat top, which you hit into a surface with a hammer, for example to join things together or to hang something on
hammer/bang/hit a nail into something
Your nails are the hard smooth layers on the ends of your fingers and toes
nail in somebody’s/something’s coffin: one of several bad things which help to destroy someone’s success or hopes
as hard/tough as nails: very tough and not easily frightened, or not caring about the effects of your actions on other people
on the nail:a) (BrE) if you pay money on the nail, you pay it immediately
b) (especially AmE) completely correct
Waist
(N.)
The narrow part in the middle of the human body
from the waist up/down= in the top or bottom half of your body
stripped to the waist= not wearing any clothes on the top half of your body
slim-waisted/narrow-waisted/thick-waisted= having a thin, thick etc waist
The part of a piece of clothing that goes around this part of your body
⚠ Do not confuse with waste, which is used as a verb and a noun to talk about using too much of something, or not using it in a sensible way
Thigh
(N.)
The top part of your leg, between your knee and your hip
The top part of a bird’s leg, used as food
Toe
(N.)
One of the five movable parts at the end of your foot
>finger
big toe= the largest of your toes
The part of a shoe or sock that covers the front part of your foot
tread on somebody’s toes (BrE),step on somebody’s toes (AmE): to offend someone, especially by becoming involved in something that they are responsible for
keep somebody on their toes: to make sure that someone is ready for anything that might happen
make somebody’s toes curl: to make someone feel very embarrassed or uncomfortable
touch your toes: to bend downwards so that your hands touch your toes, without bending your knees
put/dip a toe in the water: to try a little of something or try an activity for a short time to see if you like it
Jaw
(N.)
One of the two bones that your teeth
lower/upper jaw
The lower part of your face. Its shape is sometimes thought to show your character
Somebody’s jaw dropped: used to say that someone looked surprised or shocked
jaws:
a) the mouth of a person or animal, especially a dangerous animal
b) the two parts of a machine or tool that move together to hold something tightly
the jaws of death/defeat/despair etc (literary): a situation in which something unpleasant almost happens
Skull
(N.)
The bones of a person’s or animal’s head
Somebody can’t get it into their (thick) skull (spoken): someone is unable to understand something very simple
Pelvis
(N.)
The set of large wide curved bones at the base of your spine, to which your legs are joined
Sole
(N.)
The bottom surface of your foot, especially the part you walk or stand on
The flat bottom part of a shoe, not including the heel
A flat fish that is often used for food
>lemon sole
Nostril
(N.)
One of the two holes at the end of your nose, through which you breathe and smell things
Abdomen
(N.)
The part of your body between your chest and legs which contains your stomach, bowels etc
The end part of an insect’s body, joined to the thorax
abdominal adjective
Wrist
(N.)
The part of your body where your hand joins your arm
on/around your wrist
Chest
(N.)
The front part of your body between your neck and your stomach
>breast
chest pain/infection/injury
A large strong box that you use to store things in or to move your personal possessions from one place to another
get something off your chest: to tell someone about something that has been worrying or annoying you for a long time, so that you feel better afterwards
Ankle
(N.)
The joint between your foot and your leg
break/twist/sprain your ankle
ankle socks/boots: socks or boots that only come up to your ankle
Torso
(N.) (plural torsos)
Your body, not including your head, arms, or legs
A statue of a torso
Intestine
(N.)
The long tube in your body through which food passes after it leaves your stomach
SYN gut
Intestinal adjective
Joint
(N.)
A part of your body that can bend because two bones meet there
knee/neck/hip/elbow etc joint
(BrE) A large piece of meat, usually containing a bone
joint of
A place where two things or parts of an object are joined together
Out of joint:
a) if a bone in your body is out of joint, it has been pushed out of its correct position
b) if a system, group etc is out of joint, it is not working properly
(informal) A cheap bar, club, or restaurant
(informal) A cigarette containing cannabis
SYN spliff
Lung
(N.)
One of the two organs in your body that you breathe with
Muscle
(N.)
One of the pieces of flesh inside your body that you use in order to move, and that connect your bones together
not move a muscle: to stay completely still
power or influence: military/economic/political etc muscle
Physical strength and power
put some muscle into it= used to tell someone to work harder
Womb
(N.)
The part of a woman’s or female animal’s body where her baby grows before it is born
SYN uterus
Liver
(N.)
A large organ in your body that produces bile and cleans your blood
The liver of an animal, used as food
Bladder
(N.)
The organ in your body that holds urine (= waste liquid) until it is passed out of your body
A bag of skin, leather, or rubber, for example inside a football, that can be filled with air or liquid
Kidney
(N.)
One of the two organs in your lower back that separate waste products from your blood and make urine
One or more of these organs from an animal, used as food
Gallblader
(N.)
The organ in your body in which bile is stored
Heart
(N.)
The organ in your chest which pumps blood through your body
The part of you that feels strong emotions and feelings
kind-hearted/cold-hearted/hard-hearted etc= having a kind, unkind, cruel etc character
The part of your chest near your heart
A shape used to represent a heart
Spleen
(N.)
An organ near your stomach that controls the quality of your blood
(formal) Anger, especially unreasonable or unfair anger
Stomach
(N.)
The organ inside your body where food begins to be digested
The front part of your body, below your chest
Do something on an empty stomach: to do something when you have not eaten
Turn your stomach: to make you feel sick or upset
Have no stomach for a fight/task etc: to have no desire to do something difficult, upsetting, or frightening
Have a strong stomach: to be able to see or do things that are unpleasant without feeling sick or upset
Pancreas
(N.)
A gland inside your body, near your stomach, that produces insulin and a liquid that helps your body to use the food that you eat
pancreatic adjective
Flame
(N.)
Hot bright burning gas that you see when something is on fire
in flames: burning in a way that is difficult to control
go up in flames/burst into flames: to suddenly begin burning in a way that is difficult to control
a flame of anger/desire/passion etc (literary): a strong feeling
An angry or rude email
Discharge
(V.)
To officially allow someone to leave somewhere, especially the hospital or the army, navy etc, or to tell them that they must leave
discharge somebody from something
discharge yourself (BrE)= leave hospital before your treatment is complete
conditionally discharge somebody (BrE)=
let someone leave prison if they obey particular rules
To send out gas, liquid, smoke etc, or to allow it to escape
discharge something into something
discharge into
(formal) To fire a gun or shoot an arrow etc
(formal) To do or pay what you have a duty to do or pay
discharge your duties/responsibilities/obligations etc
If a piece of electrical equipment discharges, or if it is discharged, it sends out electricity
if a wound or body part discharges a substance such as pus (= infected) liquid, the substance slowly comes out of it
(formal) to take goods or passengers off a ship, plane etc
Infectious
(Adj.)
An infectious illness can be passed from one person to another, especially through the air you breathe
Someone who is infectious has an illness and could pass it to other people
Infectious feelings or laughter spread quickly from one person to another
infectiously adverb
Vital
(Adj.)
Extremely important and necessary for something to succeed or exist SYN crucial vital to vital for it is vital (that) it is vital to do something
Full of energy in a way that is exciting and attractive
Necessary in order to keep you alive
vital signs (medical): the signs that show someone is alive, for example breathing and body temperature
Relieved
(Adj.)
Feeling happy because you are no longer worried about something >relief greatly/immensely/extremely etc relieved relieved to see/hear/know something relieved (that)
Swelling
(N.)
An area of your body that has become larger than normal, because of illness or injury
swelling in/on
The condition of having swelled
Prevalent
(Adj.)
Common at a particular time, in a particular place, or among a particular group of people
prevalent in/among etc
prevalence noun
Diagnostic
(Adj.)
Relating to or used for discovering what is wrong with someone or something
diagnostic tests/tools
Illness
(N.)
A disease of the body or mind, or the condition of being ill
Restore
(V.)
To make something return to its former state or condition
restore something to something
restore (diplomatic) relations with somebody
restore somebody’s sight/hearing= make someone who cannot hear or who is blind, hear or see again
To bring back a positive feeling that a person or a group of people felt before
To repair an old building, piece of furniture, or painting etc so that it is in its original condition
(formal) To give back to someone something that was lost or taken from them
SYN return
restore something to somebody
To bring back a law, tax, right etc
Inflammatory
(Adj.)
An inflammatory speech, piece of writing etc is likely to make people feel angry
(medical) An inflammatory disease or medical condition causes inflammation
Diagnose
(V.)
To find out what illness someone has, or what the cause of a fault is, after doing tests, examinations etc
diagnose somebody as (having) something
diagnose something as something
diagnose somebody with something
Improve
(V.)
to make something better, or to become better
Register
In everyday English, people often say something gets better rather than improves
Her English is definitely getting better.
I hope things get better soon
Infected
(Adj.)
A part of your body or a wound that is infected has harmful bacteria in it which prevent it from healing
>disinfect
Food, water etc that is infected contains bacteria that spread disease
If a computer or disk is infected, the information in or on it has been changed or destroyed by a computer virus
Treat
(V.)
To behave towards someone or something in a particular way
>treatment
treat somebody like/as something
badly treated/well treated
treat somebody with respect/contempt/courtesy etc
treat somebody like dirt/a dog= treat someone unkindly and without respect
To deal with, regard, or consider something in a particular way
>treatment
treat something as something
treat something favourably/seriously/carefully etc
To try to cure an illness or injury by using drugs, hospital care, operations etc
>treatment
treat somebody/something with something
To buy or do something special for someone that you know they will enjoy
treat somebody to something
To put a special substance on something or use a chemical process in order to protect, clean, or preserve ittreatment
Relieving
(N.)
alleviation, easement; act of releasing, liberation
Inflame
(V.)
To make someone’s feelings of anger, excitement etc much stronger
Recuperate
(V.)
To get better again after an illness or injury
SYN recover
recuperate from
(especially Br) To get back money that you have spent or lost in business
SYN recoup,
recover
To return to a more normal condition after a difficult time
SYN recover
recuperation noun
Patient
(N.)
Someone who is receiving medical treatment from a doctor or in a hospital
Swollen
(Adj.)
A part of your body that is swollen is bigger than usual, especially because you are ill or injured
A river that is swollen has more water in it than usual
Have a swollen head/be swollen-headed (BrE):
to be too proud and think you are very clever or important
Cure
(N.)
A medicine or medical treatment that makes an illness go away
cure for
Something that solves a problem, or improves a bad situation
>solution
cure for
The act of making someone well again after an illness
Dismiss
(V.)
To refuse to consider someone’s idea, opinion etc, because you think it is not serious, true, or important
dismiss something as something
To remove someone from their job
SYN fire, sack
dismiss somebody from something
dismiss somebody for something
Register
In everyday British English, people usually say sack someone, and in everyday American English, people usually say fire someone, rather than use dismiss
He was sacked (BrE)/fired (AmE) for being late all the time
(formal) To tell someone that they are allowed to go, or are no longer needed
If a judge dismisses a court case, he or she stops it from continuing
Inflamed
(Adj.)
A part of your body that is inflamed is red and swollen, because it is injured or infected
Cured
(Adj.)
preserved, dried, smoked, pickled (of food);
(Medicine) healed, made well, successfully treated
Vitality
(N.)
Great energy and eagerness to do things
The strength and ability of an organization, country etc to continue
vitality of
Infection
(N.)
A disease that affects a particular part of your body and is caused by bacteria or a virus
infection of/in
When someone is infected by a disease
Common
(Adj.)
Happening often and to many people or in many places
OPP rare
common among
it’s common for somebody to do something
(⚠ Do not say It is common that … Say It is common for …)
Existing in large numbers
OPP rare
Common aims, beliefs, ideas etc are shared by several people or groups
common to
Well-being
(N.)
A feeling of being comfortable, healthy, and happy
well-being of
a sense/feeling of well-being
physical/psychological/material etc well-being
The well-being of a country is the state in which it is strong and doing well
Healing
(N.)
The treatment of illness using natural powers or prayer rather than medicine
The process of becoming healthy and strong again
Treatment
(N.)
Something that is done to cure someone who is injured or ill
>treat
treatment of/for
A particular way of behaving towards someone or of dealing with them
>treat
treatment of
special/preferential treatment= when one person is treated better than another
A particular way of dealing with or talking about a subject
>treat
A process by which something is cleaned, protected etc
>treat
treatment of
Relief
(N.)
A feeling of comfort when something frightening, worrying, or painful has ended or has not happened
>relieve
When something reduces someone’s pain or unhappy feelings
Money, food, clothes etc given to people who are poor or hungry
A person or group of people that replaces another one and does their work after they have finished
A way of decorating wood, stone etc with a shape or figure that is raised above the surface, or the decoration itself
>bas relief
Infect
(V.)
To give someone a disease
infect with
To make something contain something harmful that gives people a disease
infect with
If a feeling or interest that you have infects other people, it makes them begin to feel the same way or have the same interest
If a virus infects your computer or disk, it changes or destroys the information in or on it
Recovery
(N.)
The process of getting better after an illness, injury etc
make a full/good/remarkable etc recovery
recovery from
The process of returning to a normal condition after a period of trouble or difficulty
When you get something back that has been taken or lost
recovery of
Inflammation
(N.)
Swelling and pain in part of your body, which is often red and feels hot
inflammation of
Diagnosis
(N.) (plural diagnoses)
The process of discovering exactly what is wrong with someone or something, by examining them closely
>prognosis
diagnosis of
Disease
(N.)
An illness which affects a person, animal, or plant
disease of
Something that is seriously wrong with society or with someone’s mind, behaviour etc
diseased adjective
Cure
(V.)
To make an illness or medical condition go away
To make someone well again after they have been ill
>heal
cure somebody of something
To solve a problem, or improve a bad situation
cure somebody of something: to make someone stop behaving in a particular way or stop them having a particular feeling or attitude
To preserve food, tobacco etc by drying it, hanging it in smoke, or covering it with salt
Relieve
(V.)
To reduce someone’s pain or unpleasant feelings
>relief
relieve tension/pressure/stress etc
To make a problem less difficult or serious
To replace someone when they have completed their duty or when they need a rest
relieve yourself: a polite expression meaning to urinate – often used humorously
To make something less dull and boring
relieve the boredom/monotony
Flu
(N.)
A common illness that makes you feel very tired and weak, gives you a sore throat, and makes you cough and have to clear your nose a lot
SYN influenza
a flu virus/bug
Pill
(N.)
A small solid piece of medicine that you swallow whole
the Pill/the pill: a pill taken regularly by some women in order to prevent them having babies
on the Pill
sugar/sweeten the pill: to do something to make an unpleasant job or situation less unpleasant for the person who has to accept it
be a pill (AmE) (informal): if someone, especially a child, is a pill, they are annoying
Regardless
(Adv.)
Without being affected or influenced by something
regardless of
If you continue doing something regardless, you do it in spite of difficulties or other people telling you not to
carry on/go on regardless (BrE)= continue what you are doing
Claim
(V.)
say something is true
To say that something is true although it has not been proved and other people may not believe it
•claim (that)…
He claims (that) he was not given a fair hearing.
•claim (somebody/something) to be/do something
I don’t claim to be an expert.
•claim something
Scientists are claiming a major breakthrough in the fight against cancer.
•it is claimed that…
It was claimed that some doctors were working 80 hours a week.
demand legal right
Claim something: To demand or ask for something because you believe it is your legal right to own or to have it
A lot of lost property is never claimed.
He claimed political asylum.
money
To ask for money from the government or a company because you have a right to it
•claim something
He’s not entitled to claim unemployment benefit.
•claim something from something
She claimed damages from the company for the injury she had suffered.
You could have claimed the cost of the hotel room from your insurance.
•claim (on something) (for something)
You can claim on your insurance for that coat you left on the train.
attention/thought
Claim something: To get or take somebody’s attention
A most unwelcome event claimed his attention.
gain/win
Claim something: To gain, win or achieve something
She has finally claimed a place on the team.
Cause death
Claim something (of a disaster, an accident, etc.): To cause somebody’s death
The car crash claimed three lives.
Concentration
(N.)
The ability to think about something carefully or for a long time
>concentrate
A process in which you put a lot of attention, energy etc into a particular activity >concentrate concentration on (doing) something
A large amount of something in a particular place or among particular people
>concentrate
concentration of
(technical) The amount of a substance contained in a liquid
>concentrate
high/low concentrations
concentration of
Cholesterol
(N.)
A chemical substance found in your blood. Too much cholesterol in your body may cause heart disease.
Unarguable
(Adj.)
Something that is unarguable is definitely true or correct
unarguably adverb
Intriguing
(Adj.)
Something that is intriguing is very interesting because it is strange, mysterious, or unexpected
SYN fascinating
intriguingly adverb
Aid
(V.)
To help someone do something
aid somebody in/with (doing) something
To make something happen more quickly or easily
aid and abet (law): to help someone do something illegal
Period
(N.)
A particular length of time with a beginning and an end
period of
A particular time in someone’s life or in history
>era
The flow of blood that comes from a woman’s body each month
>menstrual period
(AmE) the mark (.) used in writing to show the end of a sentence or of an abbreviation
SYN full stop (BrE)
One of the equal parts that the school day is divided into SYN lesson (BrE) period of
One of the equal parts that a game is divided into in a sport such as ice hockey
period! (AmE) (spoken): used to emphasize that you have made a decision and that you do not want to discuss the subject any more
SYN full stop!
Scenic
(Adj.)
Surrounded by views of beautiful countryside
The scenic route: a longer way than usual, especially one that goes through beautiful or interesting areas – often used humorously
scenically adverb
Route
(N.)
A way from one place to another
route to/from
take/follow a route=use a route
A way between two places that buses, planes, ships etc regularly travel
bus/air/shipping etc route
cycle route =a way between two places that only people on bicycles can use
A way of doing something or achieving a particular result
route to
Route 66/54 etc
used to show the number of a main road in the US
Aggregate
(V.) (formal)
Tobe a particular amount when added together
To put different amounts, pieces of information etc together to form a group or a total
aggregate with
aggregation noun
Tranquil
(Adj.)
Pleasantly calm, quiet, and peaceful
tranquilly adverb
tranquillity (BrE), tranquility (AmE) noun
Proficiency
(N.)
A good standard of ability and skill
proficiency in/with/at
Apex
(N.)
(technical) The top or highest part of something pointed or curved
the apex of the roof
the apex of a pyramid
(formal) The most important position in an organization or society
(formal) The most successful part of something
SYN peak
Coherence
Coherency
(N.)
When something such as a piece of writing is easy to understand because its parts are connected in a clear and reasonable way
If a group has coherence, its members are connected or united because they share common aims, qualities, or beliefs
Examine
(V.)
To look at something carefully and thoroughly because you want to find out more about it
examine how/whether/what etc
examine something for something
Register
In everyday English, people usually say have or take a look at somthing or someone rather than examine something or someone
I had a look at the car but I couldn’t see anything wrong with it.
If a doctor examines you, they look at your body to check that you are healthy
(formal) To ask someone questions to test their knowledge of a subject
SYN test
examine somebody in/on something
(law) To officially ask someone questions in a court of law
Apt
(Adj.)
Be apt to do something: to have a natural tendency to do something
SYN tend to
Exactly right for a particular situation or purpose
SYN appropriate
apt for
An apt pupil/student (formal)
a student who is quick to learn and understand
SYN able
aptness noun
Mitigate
(V.)
(formal) To make a situation or the effects of something less unpleasant, harmful, or serious
SYN alleviate
Proficiently
(Adv.)
masterfully, expertly, with superior knowledge; adeptly, dextrously, skillfully
Zenith
(N.)
The most successful point in the development of something
SYN peak
OPP nadir
reach its zenith/be at its zenith
(technical)
The highest point that is reached by the sun or the moon in the sky
Register
Zenith sounds rather literary. In everyday English, people usually say peak
Her career was at its peak
Look something/someone over
(phrasal verb)
To examine something or someone quickly, without paying much attention to detail
Cohere
(V.)
If ideas, arguments, beliefs, statements etc cohere, they are connected in a clear and reasonable way
>coherent
If two objects cohere, they stick together
Alleviate
(V.)
To make something less painful or difficult to deal with
alleviate the problem/situation/suffering etc
alleviation noun
Predispose
(V.)
To make someone more likely to suffer from a particular health problem
predispose somebody to something
To make someone more likely to behave or think in a particular way
predispose somebody to something
predisposed adjective
Pathway
(N.)
A path
A series of nerves that pass information to each other
Coherent
(Adj.)
If a piece of writing, set of ideas etc is coherent, it is easy to understand because it is clear and reasonable
If someone is coherent, they are talking in a way that is clear and easy to understand
If a group is coherent, its members are connected or united because they share common aims, qualities, or beliefs
coherently adv
Database
(N.)
A large amount of data stored in a computer system so that you can find and use it easily
database system/software/application etc
Way
(N.)
Method that you use to do or achieve something
way of doing something
way to do something
in the right/wrong way
ways and means =methods of doing something, especially ones that are secret or not yet decided
way out/out of/around
way into television/publishing/finance etc =a method of getting involved in a particular activity or type of work
The manner or style in which someone does something or in which something happens
in a… way
in this/that way
that’s no way to do something =used to tell someone that they should not be doing something in a particular manner
in more ways than one =in a number of ways
in somebody’s own way =in a personal way that other people may not recognize
How to go somewherecountable
a) a road, path, direction etc that you take in order to get to a particular place
the way to/from/out etc
ask/tell/show somebody the way
the way out =the door, path etc which you can use to leave a building or area
the way in =the door, path etc which you can use to enter a building or area
on somebody’s way =in the same direction as someone is going
out of somebody’s way =not in the same direction as someone is going
b) a particular direction from where you are now
Aggravate
(V.)
To make a bad situation, an illness, or an injury worse
OPP improve
To
Make someone angry or annoyed
SYN irritate
aggravating adjective
aggravatingly adverb
aggravation noun
Portuguese
(Adj.)
Relating to Portugal, its people, or its language
Among
Amongst
Preposition
In or through the middle of a group of people or things
With a particular group of people
Used to say that many people in a group have the same feeling or opinion, or that something affects many people in a group
among other things/places/factors etc: Used to say that you are only mentioning one or two people or things out of a much larger group
If something is divided or shared among a group of people, each person is given a part of it
among yourselves/ourselves/themselves: with each other
Grammar
among, between
When you are talking about position, use among if there are more than two people or things around someone or something, and between if there is just one person or thing on each side
They hid among the reeds.
I put my bag on the ground between my feet.
⚠ Among is not commonly used after words such as ‘relationship’ and ‘difference’, even when more than two people or things are involved. Use between
the relationship between these three sectors of the economy
Well-balanced
(Adj.)
A well-balanced meal or diet contains all the different things you need to keep you healthy
A well-balanced person is sensible and does not allow strong emotions to control their behaviour
Cohesive
(Adj.)
Connected or related in a reasonable way to form a whole Uniting people or things cohesively adverb cohesiveness noun
Presentation
(N.)
The act of giving someone a prize or present at a formal ceremony
presentation of
An event at which you describe or explain a new product or idea
make/give a presentation
The way in which something is said, offered, shown, or explained to others
presentation of
on presentation of something
the act of performing a play
presentation of
(medical) The position in which a baby is lying in its mother’s body just before it is born
presentational adjective
Profession
(N.)
A job that needs a high level of education and training
the legal/medical/teaching etc profession
enter/go into/join a profession
by profession
All the people who work in a particular profession
(formal) A statement of your belief, opinion, or feeling
Profession of
Proficient
(Adj.)
To do something well or skilfully
proficient in/at
proficiently adverb
Soothe
(V.)
To make someone feel calmer and less anxious, upset, or angry
(also soothe something ↔ away) To make a pain become less severe, or slowly disappear
soothing adjective
soothingly adverb
Aggressive
(Adj.)
Behaving in an angry threatening way, as if you want to fight or attack someone
Very determined to succeed or get what you want
An aggressive disease spreads quickly in the body
aggressively adverb
aggressiveness noun
Fatigue
(N.)
Very great tiredness
SYN exhaustion
with fatigue
from fatigue
(technical) A weakness in metal or wood, caused when it is bent or stretched many times, which is likely to make it break
fatigues: loose-fitting army clothes
Path
(N.)
A track that has been made deliberately or made by many people walking over the same ground
The space ahead of you as you move along
path through
The direction or line along which something or someone is moving
in something’s/somebody’s path
into the path of something
A plan or series of actions that will help you achieve something, especially over a long period of time
path to freedom/success/independence etc
the same/a different path
somebody’s paths cross: if two people’s paths cross, they meet by chance
Prone
(Adj.)
Likely to do something or suffer from something, especially something bad or harmful
prone to
prone to do something
accident-prone/injury-prone etc
(formal) Lying down with the front of your body facing down
SYN prostrate
proneness noun
prone adv
Ease
(V.)
If something unpleasant eases, or if you ease it, it gradually improves or becomes less
ease the pain/stress/tension
ease the pressure/burden
To make a process happen more easily
SYN smooth
To move yourself or something slowly and carefully into another place or position
ease yourself into/through etc something
ease your way past/through etc something
Generally speaking
Used to introduce a statement that is true in most cases but not always
Generally speaking, the more expensive the stereo, the better it is
Be into something
(spoken)
To like and be interested in something
Im really into folk music
Log in/on
Phrasal verb
To do the necessary actions on a computer system that will allow you to begin using it
[+ to]
You need to log on to your home page
Purchase
(V.)
(formal) to buy something
You can purchase insurance online.
the growing demand to purchase goods on credit
Where did you purchase the car
•purchase from
Tickets may be purchased in advance from the box office.
purchasable adjective
purchaser noun
France was the no. 1 purchaser of Iraqi oil
Pop
(V.)
popped,popping
Come suddenly or unexpectedly out of or away from something
•pop out/off/up etc
The ball popped out of Smith’s hands and onto the ground.
•out/up popped something
The egg cracked open and out popped a tiny head.
The lid popped open and juice spilled all over the floor.
(especially BrE) (spoken) To go somewhere quickly, suddenly, or in a way that you did not expect
•pop in/out/by etc سر زدن
Why don’t you pop by the next time youre in town
I need to pop into the drugstore for a second.
•pop round (BrE)
Could you pop round to the shop for some bread
Snap something/somebody up
Phrasal verb
To buy something immediately, especially because it is very cheap
People were snapping up bargains.
To eagerly take an opportunity to have someone as part of your company, team etc
Owen was snapped up by Liverpool before he’d even left school
Pull on
clothing
(V.)
To put on or take off a piece of clothing, usually quickly
pull on/off/up/down etc
He pulled off his damp shirt
Wrap up
(V.) (also wrap up)
To put paper or cloth over something to cover it
•wrap something in something
The present was beautifully wrapped in gold paper.
•wrap something around somebody/something
Ive still got a few Christmas presents to wrap up.
If you wrap your arms, legs, or fingers around something, you use them to hold it
wrap something around somebody/something
He wrapped his arms around her waist
Wear out
Phrasal verb
To become damaged and useless, or to make something like this, by using it a lot or for a long time
My boots are beginning to wear out.
•wear something ↔ out
He travels so much he actually wears out suitcases.
•Wear somebody out: To make someone feel extremely tired
SYN exhaust
All this shopping has worn us out.
•wear yourself out
Illness and death came suddenly over the years she had simply worn herself out.
•Wear out your welcome
to stay with someone longer than they want you to
Try something on
Phrasal verb
To put on a piece of clothing to see if it fits you or if it suits you, especially in a shop
Meg was trying on some red sandals
Take something up
cloths
Phrasal verb
To make a piece of clothing shorter
OPP let down
Take something in
cloths
Phrasal verb
To make a piece of clothing fit you by making it narrower
OPP let out
Put something on
cloths
Phrasal verb
To put a piece of clothing on your body
OPP take off
He took off his uniform and put on a sweater and trousers.
I’ll have to put my glasses on I can’t read the sign from here
Get something on
cloths
Phrasal verb
To put a piece of clothing on
I can’t get my boots on
Go with
cloths
Phrasal verb
colours/styles/tastes
If colours, tastes, styles etc go, they look, taste etc good together
I don’t think pink and yellow really go.
•go with
Do you think this shirt will go with the skirt I bought
•go together
Pork and apple go especially well together
Window shopping
(N.)
The activity of looking at goods in shop windows without intending to buy them
window-shopper noun
Chain
shops/hotels
(N.)
A number of shops, hotels, cinemas etc owned or managed by the same company or person
•chain of
a chain of restaurants
hotel/restaurant/retail etc chain
several major UK supermarket chains
Untamed
(Adj.)
Allowed to remain in a wild state; not changed, controlled or influenced by anyone; not tamed
a wild and untamed landscape
He was so angry, he was like a untamed beast.
Her untamed curls fell around her face
Spectacular
(Adj.) Very impressive synonym breathtaking spectacular scenery Messi scored a spectacular goal. It was a spectacular achievement on their part. a spectacular display of fireworks
Utilize
(V.)
(BrE also utilise)
Utilize something (as something) (formal): To use something, especially for a practical purpose
synonym make use of
The Romans were the first to utilize concrete as a building material.
The resources at our disposal could have been better utilized.
Vitamin C helps the body utilize the iron present in your body.
Vintage
(N.) The wine that was produced in a particular year or place; the year in which it was produced the 1999 vintage 2005 was a particularly fine vintage. the youngest vintages of wines
[usually singular] The period or season of gathering grapes for making wine
The vintage was later than usual.
Diesel
(N.)
(also diesel fuel, diesel oil) [uncountable] A type of heavy oil used as a fuel instead of petrol/gas
a diesel engine (= one that burns diesel)
diesel cars/locomotives/trains
[countable] A vehicle that uses diesel fuel
Our new car is a diesel.
Gently
(Adv.) In a gentle way She held the baby gently. ‘You miss them, don't you?’ he asked gently. Simmer the soup gently for 30 minutes. Massage the area gently but firmly. leaves moving gently in the breeze The path ran gently down to the sea.
Gently! (BrE, informal) Used to tell somebody to be careful
Gently! You’ll hurt the poor thing!
Don’t go too fast—gently does it!
Slope
(V.)
(+ adv./prep.) (of a horizontal surface) To be at an angle so that it is higher at one end than the other
The garden slopes away towards the river.
The path sloped gently down.
sloping shoulders
(+ adv./prep.) (of something vertical) To be at an angle rather than being straight or vertical
His handwriting slopes backwards.
It was a very old house with sloping walls.
(+ adv./prep.)(BrE, informal) To go somewhere quietly, especially in order to avoid something/somebody
synonym slink
They got bored waiting for him and sloped off.
Ramp
(N.)
A slope that joins two parts of a road, path, building, etc. when one is higher than the other
Ramps should be provided for wheelchair users.
(AmE) (BrE slip road) A road used for driving onto or off a major road such as a motorway or interstate
a freeway exit ramp
A slope or set of steps that can be moved, used for loading a vehicle or getting on or off a plane
a loading ramp
(Indian English) The long stage that models walk on during a fashion show
synonym catwalk, runway
Viaduct
(N.)
A long high bridge, usually with arches, that carries a road or railway/railroad across a river or valley
A train was crossing the viaduct.
a railway viaduct over the river
Clarence
(N.)
A closed horse-drawn carriage with four wheels, seating four inside and two outside next to the coachman.
Seclusion
(N.)
The state of being private or of having little contact with other people
the seclusion and peace of the island
He spends much of his time in seclusion in the mountains.
Inspirational
(Adj.)
Providing inspiration
an inspirational leader
Chamber
(N.)
A hall in a public building that is used for formal meetings
The members left the council chamber.
the Senate/House chamber
(also Chamber) One of the parts of a parliament
the Lower/Upper Chamber (= in Britain, the House of Commons/House of Lords)
the Chamber of Deputies in the Italian parliament
Under Senate rules, the chamber must vote on the bill by this Friday.
(in compounds) A room used for the particular purpose that is mentioned
a burial chamber
Divers transfer from the water to a decompression chamber.
A space in the body, in a plant or in a machine, which is separated from the rest
the chambers of the heart
the rocket’s combustion chamber
the chamber of a gun (= the part that holds the bullets)
A space under the ground which is almost completely closed on all sides
They found themselves in a vast underground chamber.
(old use) A bedroom or private room
Lady Eleanor was found dead in her chamber.
Depart
(V.)
To leave a place, especially to start a trip
•depart (for…) (from…)
Flights for Rome depart from Terminal 3.
She waited until the last of the guests had departed.
•depart something
(AmE) The train departed Amritsar at 6.15 p.m.
(AmE) To leave your job
the departing president
•depart something
He departed his job December 16.
Decent
(Adj.)
Of a good enough standard or quality
(informal) a decent meal/job/place to live
I need a decent night’s sleep.
(of people or behaviour) Honest and fair; treating people with respect
ordinary, decent, hard-working people
Everyone said he was a decent sort of guy.
Acceptable to people in a particular situation
a decent burial
That dress isn’t decent.
She ought to have waited for a decent interval before getting married again.
(informal) Wearing enough clothes to allow somebody to see you
I can’t go to the door—I’m not decent.
Incline
(V.) (formal)
To tend to think or behave in a particular way; to make somebody do this
•incline to/towards something
I incline to the view that we should take no action at this stage.
Young people incline towards individualistic behaviour.
•incline to do something
The government is more effective than we incline to think.
•incline somebody to/towards something
Lack of money inclines many young people towards crime.
•incline somebody to do something
His obvious sincerity inclined me to trust him.
Incline your head: To bend your head forward, especially as a sign of agreement, welcome, etc.
He inclined his head in acknowledgement.
Incline (something) (to/towards something): To lean or slope in a particular direction; to make something lean or slope
The land inclined gently towards the shore.
Revolve
(V.)
To go in a circle around a central point
The fan revolved slowly.
The earth revolves on its axis.
