2 Flashcards
Leisure
(N.)
Time when you are not working or studying and can relax and do things you enjoy
Recreation
(N.)
An activity that you do for pleasure and amusement
Hobby,pastime,leisure
Sedentary
(Adj.)
(Formal) spending a lot of time sitting down, and not moving or exercising very much
Sedentary life/job/lifestyle etc
Successive
(Adj.)
Coming or following one after the other
Succession
(N.)
Happening one after the other without anything different happening in between
Charming
(Adj.)
Very pleasing or attractive
Symposium
(N.) (-s or symposia)
(Education) a formal meeting in which people who know a lot about a particular subject have discussions about it
Conference
A group of articles on a particular subject collected together in a book
Coeval
(Adj.)
Of the same or equal age
Ingratiate
(V.) Ingratiate yourself (with somebody)
To try very hard to get someone’s approval-used to show disapproval
>Flatter
Periphrasis
(N.) (ses plural)
(Formal) when someone uses long words and phrases that are not necessory
Wanderlust
(N.)
A strong desire to teravel to different places
Fathom
Fathom of
(V.)
To understand what something means after thinking about it carefully
Work out
Advert to something
(V.)
(Phrasal verb) (formal)
To mention something
Melancholia
(N.)(old-fashioned)
A feeling of great sadness and lack of energy
Resplendent
(Adj.) (formal)
Very beautiful, bright and impressive in appearance
Chiliad
(N.)
Group of 1000, time period of 1000 years
Lenitive
(Adj.)
Soothing, softening, mildly laxative
Milieu
(N.) (formal)
The things and people that sorround you and influence the way you live and think
Panoply
(N.) (formal)
An impressive show of especial cloths, decorations etc especially at the important ceremony
A large number of people or things
Viva voce
(N.) (Bre) (formal)
A spoken examination taken at the end of a university course
Biannual
(Adj.)
Happening twice each year
Glade
(N.) (literary)
A small open space in a wood or forest
Secrete
(V.)
If a part of an animal or plant secretes a liquid substance, it produces it
(Formal) to hide something
Habiliment
(N.)
Clothes, clothing, attire
Trousseau
(N.) (old-fashioned)
The clothes etc that a woman brings with her when she marries
Rodomontade
(N.)
Bounce, extravaganza
Cloister
(N.)
A covered passage that surrounds one side of a square garden in a church, monastery etc
A building where monks or nans live
Manifesto
(N.)
A written statement by a political party, saying what they believe in and what they intend to do
Peripeteia
(N.)
Quirk, mutation, revulsion, whim
Gloaming
(N.)
The gloaming
The time in the early evening when it is becoming dark
Dusk
Occident
(N.)
The occident
The western part of the world, especially the Europe and the Americas
❌orient
By and large
(Adj)
Used when talking generally about someone or something
(Adv)
Used when making a general statement
Crapulous
(Adj.)
Unwell, sick, ill
Bibulous
Gluttonous
Acceptation
(N.)
Admission, reception
De rigueur
(Adj.)
Considered to be necessary if you want to be accepted, fashionable etc- used humorously
Superjacent
(Adj.)
Lying right above or over something else,overlying
Rebuff
(N.) (formal)
An unkind or unfriendly answer to a friendly suggestion or offer of help
(V.)
Mawkish
(Adj.)
Showing too much emotion in a way that is embarrassing
Sentimental
Scintillate
(V.)
Spark, flash, glister
Fugacious
(Adj.)
Glancing, transient, momentary,
Multitudinous
(Adj.) (formal)
Very many
Sorrow
(N.)
A feeling of great sadness, usually because someone has died or because something terrible has happened to you
Grief
Pursuit
(N.)
When someone tries to get, achieve, or find something in a determined way
Pursue
Bear
(V.) Bore Borne To bravely accept or deal with a painful, difficult, or upsetting situation Stand
Archery
(N.)
The sport of shooting arrows from a bow
Pool
(N.) (game)
A game in which you use a stick to hit numbered balls into holes around a table, which is often played in bars
Considerable
(Adj.)
Fairly large, especially large enough to have an effect or be important
Considerate
(Adj.)
Always thinking of what other people need or want and being carefyl not to upset them
Bungee jumping
(N.)
A sport in which you jump off something very high with a long length of special rope that stretches tied to your legs, so that you go up again without touching the ground
Bumpy flight
Uncomfortable because the plane moved up and down a lot
Resort
(N.)
A place where a lot if people go for holidays
Customs
(N.)
A place where your bags are checked for illegal goods when you go into a country
The goverment department that checks goods comming into a country and collects any taxes on them
Fountain
(N.)
A structure from which water is pushed up into the air, used for
example as decoration in a garden or park
A flow of liquid, or of something bright and colourful that goes straight up into the air
Monument
(N.)
A building, statue, or other large structure that is built to remind people of an important event or famus person> memorial
A very old building or place that is important historically
Safari
(N.)
A trip to see or hunt wild animals, especially in Africa
Handicraft
(N.)
An activity such as sewing or making baskets, in which you use your hands in a skilful way to make things
Something that someone has made in a skilful way using their hands
Beguile
(V.)
To interest and attract someone
To persuade or trick someone into doing something
Beguile somebody into doing something
Allure
(N.)
A mysterious, exciting, or desirable quality
Deceive
(V.)
To make someone believe something that is not true>deception
Tempt
(V.)
To try to persuade someone to do something by making it seem attractive
To make someone want to have or do something, even though they know they really should not
Deviate
(V.)
To change what you are doing so that you are not following an expected plan, idea, or type of behaviour
Ancient
(Adj.)
Belonging to a time long ago in history, especially thousands of years ago >OPP modern
Abroad
(Adv.)
In or to a foreign country
Pave
(V.)
To cover a path, road, area etc with a hard level surface such as blocks of stone or concrete
pave with
(pave the way for something)
To make a later event or development possible by producing the right conditions
(the streets are paved with gold)
Used to say that it is easy to become rich quickly in a particular place
Puberty
(N.)
The stage of physical development during which you change from a child to an adult and are able to have children
Adolescent
(N.)
A young person, usually between the ages of 12 and 18, who is developing into an adult
Toddler
(N.)
A very young child who is just learning to walk
Embryo
(N.)
plural embryos
An animal or human that has not yet been born, and has just begun to develop
>foetus
Young
(Adj.)
A young person, plant, or animal has not lived for very long
Youth
(N.)
(plural youths)
The period of time when someone is young, especially the period when someone is a teenager
Elderly
(Adj.)
Used as a polite way of saying that someone is old or becoming old
Fetus
Foetus
(N.)
A baby or young animal before it is born>embryo
Infant
(N.) (formal)
A baby or very young child
Mature
(Adj.)
Someone, especially a child or young person, who is mature behaves in a sensible and reasonable way, as you would expect an adult to behave
Fully grown and developed
Midwife
(N.)
(Plural midwives)
A specially trained nurse whose job is to help women when they are having a baby
Ward
(N.)
A large room in a hospital where people who need medical treatment stay
maternity/ general/geriatric etc ward =a ward for people with a particular medical condition
on/in the ward
Pram
(N.) (BrE)
A small vehicle with four wheels in which a baby can lie down while it is being pushed
SYN baby carriage (AmE)
buggy
Maternity
(Adj.)
Relating to a woman who is pregnant or who has just had a baby
>paternity
Cot
(N.) (BrE)
A small bed with high sides for a baby or young child SYN crib (AmE)
Naughty
(Adj.)
A naughty child does not obey adults and behaves badly
OPP> good
(BrE) if an adult does something naughty, they do something that is not right or good, but is not very serious
Spoilt (BrE)
Spoiled (AmE)
(Adj.)
A spoiled person, especially a child, is rude and behaves badly because they have always been given what they want and allowed to do what they want
Tell sombody off
(Phrasal v.)
If someone in authority tells you off, they speak to you angrily about something wrong that you have done:
be/get told off
To angrily criticize someone, especially a child, about something they have done
>scold
Split up
(Phrasal v.)
If people split up, or if someone splits them up, they end a marriage or relationship with each other
To divide people into different groups, or to be divided into groups
Split something ↔ up
to divide something into different parts
Bridesmade
(N.)
A girl or woman, usually unmarried, who helps a bride on her wedding day and is with her at the wedding
Bury
(V.)To put someone who has died in a grave:
bury somebody in/at etc something
Object to put something under the ground, often in order to hide it
Fall on something [usually passive] to fall on top of someone or something, usually harming or destroying them
be buried under
Hidden [usually passive] to cover something so that it cannot be found
Will
(V.)
To officially give something that you own to someone else after you die
Cremate
(V.)
To burn the body of a dead person at a funeral ceremony
Tomb
(N.)
A stone structure above or below the ground where a dead person is buried
Mourn
(V.)
To feel very sad and to miss someone after they have died
SYN> grieve for
Homicide
(N.)
(especially AmE)
The crime of murder
➔ manslaughter
(AmE)
The police department that deals with murders
Commit suicide
To kill yourself deliberately
Grave
(N.)
The place in the ground where a dead body is buried
➔ tomb
Pass away
(Phrasal v.)
To die – use this when you want to avoid saying the word ‘die’
Pass out
(Pherasal v.)
To suddenly become unconscious for a short time
>faint
Come into something
(Phrasal v.)
To receive money, land, or property from someone after they have died
To be involved in something
Inherit
(V.)
To receive money, property etc from someone after they have died:
inherit something from somebody
Beneficiary
(N.)
(plural beneficiaries)
Someone who gets advantages from an action or change:
beneficiary of
Someone who receives money or property from someone else who has died
Expatriate
(N.)
Someone who lives in a foreign country
Expat
(N.)
Noun) (Informal
an expatriate
Blessing
(N.)
Something that you have or something that happens which is good because it improves your life, helps you in some way, or makes you happy
Someone’s approval or encouragement for a plan, activity, idea etc
Opt
(V.)
To choose one thing or do one thing instead of another
opt for
opt to do something
Freelance
(Adj.) (Adv.)
Working independently for different companies rather than being employed by one particular company
freelance journalist/ writer/photographer etc
—freelance verb
—freelance (alsofreelancer) noun
Standoffish
Stand-offish
(Adj.) (informal)
Rather unfriendly and formal
SYN aloof
Computer-literate
(Adj.)
Able to use computer
Merge
(V.) To combine, or to join things together to form one thing: merge with merge something into something merge together
If two things merge, or if one thing merges into another, you cannot clearly see them, hear them etc as separate things:
merge into
merge with
Insert
(V.)
To put something inside or into something else:
insert something in/ into/ between something
Run
(V.)
COMPUTERS
a)if a computer program runs, it operates:
run on
b)if you run a program, you make it operate
Crash
(V.)
COMPUTERS
if a computer crashes, or if you crash the computer, it suddenly stops working
Cyber crime
Cybercrime
(N.)
criminal activity that involves the use of computers or the Internet
Cyber-fraud
Cyberfraud
(N.)
The illegal act of deceiving people on the Internet in order to gain money, power etc
Blackmail
(N.)
When someone tries to get money from you or make you do what they want by threatening to tell other people your secrets
When someone tries to make you do what they want by making threats or by making you feel guilty if you do not do it
Bug
(N.)
(informal)An illness that people catch very easily from each other but is not very serious
(especially AmE)a small insect
A fault in the system of instructions that operates a computer
|debug
A small piece of electronic equipment for listening secretly to other people’s conversations
(informal) a sudden strong interest in doing something
Browse
(V.)
To look through the pages of a book, magazine etc without a particular purpose, just looking at the most intersting parts
look at the goods in a shop without wanting to buy any particular thin
Search for information on a computer or on the Internet
A goat, deer etc browses, it eats plants
Surf the Net/Internet
(V.)
To look quickly through information on the Internet for anything that interests yousurfer
Forum
(N.)
An organization, meeting, TV programme etc where people have a chance to publicly discuss an important subject
A group of computer users who are interested in a particular subject and discuss it using email or the Internet
HISTORY
A large outdoor public place in ancient Rome used for business and discussion
Include
(V.)
If one thing includes another, the second thing is part of the first
To make someone or something part of a larger group or set
OPP exclude
Including
Preposition
Used to introduce something or someone that is part of a larger group or amount you have just mentioned
OPP excluding
Provide
(V.)
To give something to someone or make it available to them, because they need it or want it|> provision
(provide something for somebody
provide somebody with something
⚠ Do not say provide someone something. Say provide someone with something)
To produce something useful as a result
provide that (formal) (LAW)
If a law or rule provides that something must happen, it states that it must happen
Providing
Providing that
Conjunction
Used to say that something will only be possible if something else happens or is done
SYN provided
مشروط به اینکه، در صورت
Promise
(V.)
To tell someone that you will definitely do or provide something or that something will happen
Promising
(Adj.)
Showing signs of being successful or good in the future
Demand
(V.)
To ask for something very firmly, especially because you think you have a right to do this
⚠ Do not say demand for something. Say demand something I demand my money back NOT I demand for my money back
If one thing demands another, it needs that thing in order to happen or be done successfully
Demanding
(Adj.)
Needing a lot of ability, effort, or skilla demanding job
Expecting a lot of attention or expecting to have things exactly the way you want them, especially in a way that is not fair
Induce
(V.)
(formal)
To persuade someone to do something, especially something that does not seem wise
induce somebody to do something
(medical)
To make a woman give birth to her baby, by giving her a special drug (induce labour)
(formal) (medicine)
To cause a particular physical condition
drug-induced stress-induced etc
Coax
(V.)
To persuade someone to do something that they do not want to do by talking to them in a kind, gentle, and patient way
To make something such as a machine do something by dealing with it in a slow, patient, and careful way
Turn (sb/st) into st
Phrasal verb
To become something different, or to make someone or something do this
To change by magic from one thing into another, or to make something do this
Days turned into weeks months turned into years etc
used to say that time passed slowly while you waited for something to happen
Wanton
(Adj.)
Deliberately harming someone or damaging something for no reason
(old-fashioned)
A wanton woman is considered immoral because she has sex with a lot of men
(formal)
uncontrolled
Relinquish
(V.)
(formal) To let someone else have your position, power, or rights, especially unwillingly SYN give up relinquish something to somebody
Scarce
(Adj.)
If something is scarce, there is not very much of it available
Make yourself scarce (informal)
To leave a place, especially in order to avoid an unpleasant situation
Astute
(Adj.)
Able to understand situations or behaviour very well and very quickly, especially so that you can get an advantage for yourself
SYN clever
Appeal (n.)
(N.)
An urgent request for something important
appeal for/appeal to/appeal to somebody to do something
An attempt to persuade people to give money in order to help people who need something
A formal request to a court or to someone in authority asking for a decision to be changed
appeal to/on appeal
A quality that makes people like something or someone
appeal for
Witticism
(N.)
A clever amusing remark
Force (n.)
A group of people who have been trained to do military work for a government or other organization >government military defence etc forces
Military action used as a way of achieving your aims
Violent physical action used to get what you want
The amount of physical power with which something moves or hits another thing >strength
Implement
(V.)
To take action or make changes that you have officially decided should happen
implement a policy plan decision etc
In turn
(N.)
As a result of something
One after the other, especially in a particular order
Vigorous
(Adj.)
Using a lot of energy and strength or determination
Strong and healthy
Wheedle
(V.)
To persuade someone to do or give you something, for example by saying nice things to them that you do not mean – used to show disapproval
wheedle something from out of somebody
wheedle somebody into doing something
wheedle your way in into out of etc
Hazardous
(Adj.)
Dangerous, especially to people’s health or safety
hazardous to
Come across
(Phrasal verb)
Come across somebody something>to meet, find, or discover someone or something by chance
If an idea comes across well, it is easy for people to understand
If someone comes across in a particular way, they seem to have particular qualities
SYN come over
Severe
(Adj.)
Severe problems, injuries, illnesses etc are very bad or very serious
(In everyday English, people usually say an injury, a problem etc is serious rather than severe)
Severe weather is very bad and very extreme, and very hot, dry, cold etc
Someone who is severe behaves in a way that does not seem friendly or sympathetic, and is very strict or disapprovingSYN stern
Appealing
(Adj.)
Attractive or interesting
OPP unappealing
Appealing look/ expression/ voice etc
a look etc that shows that someone wants help or sympathy
Accomplish
(V.)
To succeed in doing something, especially after trying very hard
SYN achieve
Force (v.)
Make someone do something they do not want to do>persuade
force somebody to do something
force yourself to do something
force somebody something into doing something
To make someone or something move in a particular direction or into a different position, especially through or using great strength
SYN push
Boost
(V.)
To increase or improve something and make it more successful
boost somebody’s confidence/ morale/ ego
The win boosted the team’s confidence.
(also boost up) To help someone reach a higher place by lifting or pushing them
If a rocket or motor boosts a spacecraft, it makes it go up into space or go in a particular direction
Turn out
Phrasal verb
To happen in a particular way, or to have a particular result, especially one that you did not expect
turn out well badly fine etc
turn out to be something
Incite
(V.)
To deliberately encourage people to fight, argue etc
>encourage
incite somebody to do something
incite somebody to something
Humor
Humour
(N.)
The ability or tendency to think that things are funny, or funny things you say that show you have this ability
The quality in something that makes it funny and makes people laugh
In a good /an ill/ a bad humour (formal)
in a good or bad mood
Out of humour (BrE) (old-fashioned)
in a bad mood
Woo
(V.)
To try to persuade someone to do something such as buy something from you, vote for you, or work for you – used in news reports
(old-fashioned)
To try to persuade a woman to love you and marry you
SYN court
Stumble upon/across/on something
Phrasal verb
To find or discover something by chance and unexpectedly
SYN come across
Erratic
(Adj.)
Something that is erratic does not follow any pattern or plan but happens in a way that is not regular
Issue
(V.)
To officially make a statement, give an order, warning etc
If an organization or someone in an official position issues something such as documents or equipment, they give these things to people who need them
issue a passport/ permit/ visa etc
issue somebody with something
issue something to somebody
To officially produce something such as new stamps, coins, or shares and make them available to buy
Intense
(Adj.)
Having a very strong effect or felt very strongly
Intense activity is very serious, uses a lot of effort, and often involves doing a great deal in a very short time
Someone who is intense is serious and has very strong feelings or opinions – used to show disapproval
Strengthen
(V.)To become stronger or make something stronger|OPP weaken
To make an organization, army etc more powerful, especially by increasing the number or quality of the people in it
If the financial situation of a country or company strengthens or is strengthened, it improves or is made to improve
To increase in value, or to increase the value of money
To make something such as your body or a building stronger To help prove something To increase in force
Fulfill(AmE)
Fulfil(BrE)
(V.)
If you fulfil a hope, wish, or aim, you achieve the thing that you hoped for, wished for etc
To do or provide what is necessary or needed
If your work fulfils you, it makes you feel satisfied because you are using all your skills, qualities etc
In return (for something)
As payment or reward for something
Perform
(V.)
To do something to entertain people, for example by acting a play or playing a piece of music
To do something, especially something difficult or useful SYN carry out
perform study/experiment/analysis etc
perform a task job duty
perform a function role
perform well badly etc
to work or do something well, badly etc
underperform
If a product, business etc performs well or badly, it makes a lot of money or very little money
Cajole
(V.)
To gradually persuade someone to do something by being nice to them, or making promises to them
cajole somebody into doing something
Senseless
(Adj.)
Happening or done for no good reason or with no purpose
Unconscious
Appeal (v.)
To make a serious public request for help, money, information etc
appeal for
appeal to
appeal to somebody to do something
To make a formal request to a court or someone in authority asking for a decision to be changed
If someone or something appeals to you, they seem attractive and interesting
appeal to
Enforce
(V.)
To make people obey a rule or law enforce a law/ ban etc To make something happen or force someone to do something enforce something on somebody
Motivate
(V.)
To be the reason why someone does something
SYN drive
motivate somebody to do something
To make someone want to achieve something and make them willing to work hard in order to do this
motivate somebody to do something
Administer
(V.)
To manage the work or money of a company or organization
To provide or organize something officially as part of your job
administer justice/ punishment etc
administer to
administer something to somebody
(formal) To give someone a medicine or medical treatment
administer something to somebody
Upturn
(N.)
An increase in the level of something, especially in business activity
OPP downturn
upturn in
Attract
(V.)
To make someone interested in something, or make them want to take part in something
attract somebody to something
Be attracted to somebody
to feel that you like someone and want to have a sexual relationship with them
To make someone like or admire something or feel romantically interested in someone
To make someone or something move towards another thing
Forfeit (v.)
To lose a right, position, possession etc or have it taken away from you because you have broken a law or rule
Precarious
(Adj.)
A precarious situation or state is one which may very easily or quickly become worse
Likely to fall, or likely to cause someone to fall
Reinforce
(V.)
To give support to an opinion, idea, or feeling, and make it stronger
To make part of a building, structure, piece of clothing etc stronger
To make a group of people, especially an army, stronger by adding people, equipment etc
Numerous
(Adj.)
Many
Too numerous to mention list
Turn to (somebody/something)
Phrasal verb
To try to get help, advice, or sympathy from someone
To start to do or use something new, especially as a way of solving a problem turn to drink/ crime/ drugs etc Turn something to something to become a different quality, attitude, form of a substance etc, or to make something do this To look at a particular page in a book
Carry (something) out
Phrasal verb
To do something that needs to be organized and planned
To do something that you have said you will do or that someone has asked you to do
Forfeit (n.)
Something that is taken away from you or something that you have to pay, because you have broken a rule or made a mistake
Sporadic
(Adj.)
happening fairly often, but not regularly
SYN intermittent
Geographic
Geographical
(Adj.)
Relating to the place in an area, country etc where something or someone is
geographical area/ location/ position
Relating to geography
Collage
(N.)
A picture made by sticking other pictures, photographs, cloth etc onto a surface
The art of making pictures in this way
Undoubted
(Adj.)
Definitely true or known to exist
(Adv.)
Undoubtedly
Moreover
(Adv.) (formal)
In addition – used to introduce information that adds to or supports what has previously been said
Register
Moreover is very formal. In everyday English, people use what’s more or also instead:
The rent is reasonable and, what’s more, the location is perfect
Heroic
(Adj.)
Extremely brave or determined, and admired by many people
SYN courageous
A heroic story, poem etc has a hero in it, usually from ancient legends
On a heroic scale of heroic proportions
very large or great
heroically (adverb)
Venture
(V.)
To go somewhere that could be dangerous
To say or do something in an uncertain way because you are afraid it is wrong or will seem stupid
venture to do something
venture an opinion question word etc
venture that
nothing ventured, nothing gained
used to say that you cannot achieve anything unless you take risks
Struggle
(N.)
A long hard fight to get freedom, political rights etc
struggle for
A long period of time in which you try to deal with a difficult problem
struggle with/ against
A fight between two people for something, or an attempt by one person to escape from the other
Be a struggle (for somebody)
if something is a struggle, you find it very difficult to do
Being
(N.) Come into being /be brought into being to start to exist A living thing, especially a person a human being intelligent /conscious /rational etc being
(literary)
The most important quality or nature of something, especially of a person
the core/ roots/ whole of somebody’s being
Content
(N.)
Contents
A)The things that are inside a box, bag, room etc
content of
contents insurance=insurance for things such as furniture that you have in your house
B)The things that are written in a letter, book etc
content of
Distort
(V.)
To change the appearance, sound, or shape of something so that it is strange or unclear
To report something in a way that is not completely true or correct
To change a situation from the way it would naturally be
Distorted (adj.)
Distortion (n.)
Confidential
(Adj.)
Spoken or written in secret and intended to be kept secret
A confidential way of speaking or behaving shows that you do not want other people to know what you are saying
Confidentially (adv)
Circulation
(N.)
The movement of blood around your body
The exchange of information, money etc from one person to another in a group or society
The average number of copies of a newspaper or magazine that are usually sold each day, week, month etc
The movement of liquid, air etc in a system
Correspondent
(N.)
Someone who is employed by a newspaper or a television station etc to report news from a particular area or on a particular subject>reporter
political/ foreign/ legal/ etc correspondent
Someone who writes letters
Anchor
(N.)
A piece of heavy metal that is lowered to the bottom of the sea, a lake etc to prevent a ship or boat moving
(especially AmE)
Someone who reads the news on TV and introduces news reports
SYN newsreader (BrE)
Someone or something that provides a feeling of support and safety
Pursue
(V.)
To continue doing an activity or trying to achieve something over a long period of time>pursuit
Pursue the matter/ argument/ question etc
To continue trying to find out about or persuade someone about a particular subject
To chase or follow someone or something, in order to catch them, attack them etc>pursuit
To keep trying to persuade someone to have a relationship with you
Press
(N.)
The press:a)people who write reports for newspapers, radio, or television.b)reports in newspapers and on radio and television
press reports||local/national etc press||tabloid /popular etc
A business that prints and sometimes also sells books
A machine that prints books, newspapers, or magazines
A piece of equipment used to put weight on something in order to make it flat or to force liquid out of it
Inform
(V.) (formal)
To officially tell someone about something or give them information
inform somebody about of something
inform somebody that
(formal)
To influence someone’s attitude or opinion
Curiosity
(N.)
(plural curiosities)
The desire to know about something
curiosity about
Someone or something that is interesting because they are unusual or strange
Spread
(V.) Something spreads or is spread, it becomes larger or moves so that it affects more people or a larger area spread through spread over spread among spread from something to something
To become known about or used by more and more people
spread to/ through/ over etc
To tell a lot of people about something
Review
(N.)
A careful examination of a situation or process>evaluation, analysis
review of||carry out/ conduct/ undertake a review||review body/ committee/ panel/ board||
under review
An article in a newspaper or magazine that gives an opinion about a new book, play, film etc
review of||good/ bad/ mixed review
Tutorial
(N.)
A period of teaching and discussion with a tutor, especially in a British universitythe
A computer program that is designed to teach you how to use another program
Convenient
(Adj.) Useful to you because it saves you time, or does not spoil your plans or cause you problems OPP inconvenient convenient for convenient to do something
Close and easy to reach
OPP inconvenient
convenient for(BrE) convenient to(AmE)
Exclusion
(N.)
When someone is not allowed to take part in something or enter a place
OPP inclusion
exclusion from
(BrE) When a child is officially made to leave their school because of their bad behaviour
Do something to the exclusion of something:
to do something so much that you do not do, include, or have time for other things
Something that is excluded from a contract
OPP inclusion
Conclusive
(Adj.)
Showing that something is definitely true
OPP inconclusive
conclusive proof/ evidence/ findings etc
Insomnia
(N.)
If you suffer from insomnia, you are not able to sleep
Asleep
(Adj.)
Sleeping
OPP awake
fast /sound asleep =sleeping deeply
Fall asleep:a)to begin to sleep||b)used to mean that someone dies, when you want to avoid saying this directly
Half asleep
very tired or not completely awake
An arm or leg that is asleep has been in one position for too long, so you cannot feel it properly
Asleep at the wheel/ switch
not paying attention to a situation, so that something bad happens
> go to sleepat
Nightmare
(N.)
A very frightening dream
nightmare about
A very difficult, unpleasant, or frightening experience or situation
nightmare for
nightmare of doing something
Something terrible that you fear may happen in the future
nightmare of
nightmare scenario =the worst or most frightening situation that you can imagine
Conclude
(V.)
To decide that something is true after considering all the information you have>conclusion
conclude that
conclude from something that
(formal) To complete something you have been doing, especially for a long time
To end something such as a meeting, book, event, or speech by doing or saying one final thing
conclude with
conclude by doing something
Conclude an agreement treaty contract etc:to finish arranging an agreement etc successfully
Exclusive
(Adj.)
Available or belonging only to particular people, and not shared
exclusive access/ rights/ use etc
exclusive report/ interview/ coverage etc
exclusive to
Exclusive places, organizations, clothes etc are so expensive that not many people can afford to use or buy them
Deliberately not allowing someone to do something or be part of a group
Sleep in
Phrasal verb
(informal)
To let yourself sleep later than usual in the morning
Dormant
(Adj.)
Not active or not growing at the present time but able to be active later
OPP active
lie /remain dormant
Dream
(N.)
A series of thoughts, images, and feelings that you experience when you are asleep>daydream
dream about
in a dream
A wish to do, be, or have something – used especially when this seems unlikely
dream of doing something
fulfil realize a dream
beyond your wildest dreams =better than anything you imagined or hoped for
Inclusive
(Adj.)
An inclusive price or cost includes everything
OPP exclusive
all-inclusive/ fully inclusive
inclusive of
Including a wide variety of people, things etc
OPP exclusive
(from) April to June inclusive/15 to 20 inclusive etc: used to refer to a range of months, numbers etc, including the ones that start and end the range
Conclusion
(N.)
Something you decide after considering all the information you have>conclude
conclusion that
(formal) The end or final part of something
SYN end
conclusion of
In conclusion:used in a piece of writing or a speech to show that you are about to finish what you are saying
SYN finally
Exclude
(V.) To deliberately not include something OPP include exclude something from something (In everyday English, people usually say leave something or someone out rather than exclude something or someone)
To not allow someone to take part in something or not allow them to enter a place, especially in a way that seems wrong or unfair
To decide that something is not a possibilitySYN rule out
Snore
(V.)
To breathe in a noisy way through your mouth and nose while you are asleep
snore noun
snorer noun
Oversleep
(V.)
To sleep for longer than you intended
Doze off
phrasal verb
To go to sleep, especially when you did not intend to
SYN drop off,nod off
Popular
(Adj.)
Liked by a lot of people
OPP unpopular
hugely/ enormously/ immensely etc popular
popular/ with among
Done by a lot of people in a society, group etc
popular belief opinion view =a belief, opinion etc that a lot of people have
Relating to ordinary people, or intended for ordinary people
Lively
(Adj.)
Someone who is lively has a lot of energy and is very active
A place or situation that is lively is exciting because a lot of things are happening
Lively movements or music are very quick and exciting
A lively discussion, description etc is very interesting and involves a lot of ideas
Someone who has a lively mind is intelligent and interested in a lot of things
Colour very bright
Something that has a lively taste has a strong but pleasant taste
Acknowledge
(V.)
To admit or accept that something is true or that a situation exists
acknowledge that
If people acknowledge something, they recognize how good or important it is
To accept that someone or something has authority over people
To publicly announce that you are grateful for the help that someone has given you
Obtain
(V.) (formal)
To get something that you want, especially through your own effort, skill, or work
SYN get
If a situation, system, or rule obtains, it continues to exist
Alive
(Adj.)
Still living and not dead
Continuing to exist
Full of energy, happiness, activity etc
Come aliveaI:a)if a subject or event comes alive, it becomes interesting and seems real
b)if someone comes alive, they suddenly become happy and interested in what is happening c)if a town, city etc comes alive, it becomes busy
Adage
(N.)
a well-known phrase that says something wise about human experienceSYN proverb
Contradiction
(N.)
A difference between two statements, beliefs, or ideas about something that means they cannot both be true
contradiction between
The act of saying that someone else’s opinion, statement etc is wrong or not true
A contradiction in terms:a combination of words that seem to be the opposite of each other, with the result that the phrase has no clear meaning
Outlive
(V.)
To remain alive after someone else has died
To continue to exist after something else has ended or disappeared>outlast
Outlive its your usefulness:to become no longer useful
Acquire
(V.)
(formal) To obtain something by buying it or being given
To get or gain something
To gain knowledge or learn a skill
Acquire a taste for something:to begin to like something
An acquired taste:something that people only begin to like after they have tried it a few times
Disregard
(V.)
To ignore something or treat it as unimportant
Live with somebody/something
Phrasal verb
To accept a difficult situation that is likely to continue for a long time
SYN put up with,tolerate
To live in the same house as someone and have a sexual relationship with them without being married>live together
If something lives with you, it stays in your mind
Precious
(Adj.)
Something that is precious is valuable and important and should not be wasted or used without care
precious seconds/ minutes/ hours/ time
Rare and worth a lot of money
precious gem/ stone/ jewel
Precious memories or possessions are important to you because they remind you of people you like or events in your life
precious to
Renowned
(Adj.)
Known and admired by a lot of people, especially for a special skill, achievement, or quality
SYN famous
renowned for
renowned as
renowned /author /actor /photographer etc
Live on
Phrasal verb
If something lives on, it continues to exist
Live on something:to have a particular amount of money to buy food and other necessary things
Live on something:to eat a lot of a particular type of food
Acknowledgment
(N.)
The act of admitting or accepting that something is true
A movement of your body that shows that you have noticed someone or heard what they have said
The act of publicly thanking someone for something they have done
A letter written to tell someone that you have received their letter, message etc
Proverb
(N.)
A short well-known statement that gives advice or expresses something that is generally true. A penny saved is a penny earned is an example of a proverb.
>saying
Acquisition
(N.)
The process by which you gain knowledge or learn a skill
The act of getting land, power, money etc
acquisition of
(formal) Something that you have obtained by buying it or being given it
Prominent
(Adj.)
Important
play a prominent part role in something
Something that is in a prominent place is easily seen
Something that is prominent is large and sticks out
Inconsistent
(Adj.) Two statements that are inconsistent cannot both be true SYN contradictory OPP consistent inconsistent with Not right according to a particular set of principles or standards OPP consistent inconsistent with Inconsistent behaviour, work etc changes too often from good to bad OPP consistent
Achieve
(V.)
To successfully complete something or get a good result, especially by working hard
To be successful in a particular kind of job or activity
Cherished
(V.)
If you cherish something, it is very important to you
cherish a hope/ an idea/ a dream etc
To love someone or something very much and take care of them wel
Ignore
(V.)
To deliberately pay no attention to something that you have been told or that you know about
To behave as if you had not heard or seen someone or something
completely/ totally ignore somebody/ something
Contradictory
(Adj.)
Two statements, beliefs etc that are contradictory are different and therefore cannot both be true or correct
contradictory messages/ statements/ demands etc
Acquisitive
(Adj.)
Wanting to have and keep a lot of possessions
Score
(N.)
The number of points that each team or player has won in a game or competition
a) The number of points a student has earned for correct answers in a test
b) The number of points that a person or group of people gets in a scientific test or experiment
A written or printed copy of a piece of music, especially for a large group of performers, or the music itself
Satisfaction
(N.)
A feeling of happiness or pleasure because you have achieved something or got what you wanted
OPP dissatisfaction
To somebody’s something’s satisfaction:if something is done to someone’s satisfaction, it is done as well or as completely as they want, so they are pleased
When you get money or an apology from someone who has treated you badly or unfairly
Salary
(N.)
Money that you receive as payment from the organization you work for, usually paid to you every month
>wage, pay
Leaning towards something
phrasal verb
To tend to support, or begin to support, a particular set of opinions, beliefs etc
Portion
(N.)
A part of something larger, especially a part that is different from the other parts
portion of
significant/ substantial/ major/ good portion
An amount of food for one person, especially when served in a restaurantSYN serving,
helping
A share of something, such as responsibility, blame, or a duty, that is divided between a small number of people
May/ might/ could (just) as well
(informal) (SUGGEST)
Used when you do not particularly want to do something but you decide you should do it
(INSTEAD)
Used to mean that another course of action would have an equally good result
Passionate
(Adj.)
Showing or involving very strong feelings of sexual love
Someone who has a passionate belief believes something very strongly
If you are passionate about something, you like it a lot
passionate about
Fulfillment (AmE)
Fulfilment (BrE)
(N.)
The feeling of being happy and satisfied with your life because you are doing interesting, useful, or important things
seek/ find fulfilment
When something you wanted happens or is given to you
SYN achievement
fulfilment of
The act of doing something that you promised or agreed to do
fulfilment of a promise/ duty/ condition etc
Elevate
(V.) (formal) To move someone or something to a more important level or rank, or make them better than before SYN raise elevate somebody/ something to something
(technical) To lift someone or something to a higher position
(technical) To increase the amount, temperature, pressure etc of something
SYN raise
Career
(N.)
A job or profession that you have been trained for, and which you do for a long period of your life
career in
career development/ advancement/ progression etc
Career soldier teacher etc:someone who intends to be a soldier, teacher etc for most of their life, not just for a particular period of time
The period of time in your life that you spend doing a particular activity
Financial
(Adj.)
Relating to money or the management of money
financial difficulties/ problems/ crisis
Job description
(N.)
An official list of the work and responsibilities that you have in your job
Rewarding
(Adj.)
Making you feel happy and satisfied because you feel you are doing something useful or important, even if you do not earn much money
>satisfying, worthwhile
Menial
(Adj.)
Menial work is boring, needs no skill, and is not important
Land a job
Get a job, especially unexpectedly
Raise
(V.)
To move or lift something to a higher position, place, or level
To increase an amount, number, or level
OPP lower
To collect money that you can use to do a particular job or help people
To improve the quality or standard of something
Internship
(N.)
A job that lasts for a short time, that someone, especially a student, does in order to gain experienceintern
A job that someone who has nearly finished training as a doctor does in a hospital➔ intern
Competitive
(Adj.)
Determined or trying very hard to be more successful than other people or businesses
compete, competitor
Relating to competition➔ compete, competitor
Products or prices that are competitive are cheaper than others but still of good quality
Net income
(N.)
Income after you have paid tax
Provision
(N.) When you provide something that someone needs now or in the future provision of provision for
food, drink, and other supplies, especially for a journey
A condition in an agreement or law
under the provisions of something
Lay off
Phrasal verb
Lay somebody ↔ off
to stop employing someone because there is no work for them to do
layoff
Lay off something (informal) to stop using or doing something lay off doing something Lay off somebody (informal) to stop annoying someone or hurting them Lay something ↔ off to pass the ball to someone in your team in a game such as football – used in sports reports lay something off to somebody
Settle in
Settle into something
Phrasal verb
To begin to feel happy and relaxed in a new situation, home, job, or school
Walk out
Phrasal verb
To leave a place suddenly, especially because you disapprove of something
walk out of
To leave your husband, wife etc suddenly and go and live somewhere else
walk out on
To leave your job suddenly because you no longer want to do it
walk out of
To stop working as a protest
Take somebody/someon on
Phrasal verb Take somebody ↔ on to start to employ someone hire Take something ↔ on to agree to do some work or be responsible for something Take something ↔ on to begin to have a particular quality or appearance
Take somebody ↔ on
to compete against someone or start a fight with someone, especially someone bigger or better than you
Take something ↔ on
if a plane or ship takes on people or things, they come onto it
Take off
Phrasal verb
Take something ↔ off
to remove a piece of clothing
OPP put on
If an aircraft takes off, it rises into the air from the ground
SYN lift off / >takeoff
To suddenly start being successful
Take something off
to have a holiday from work on a particular day, or for a particular length of time
take time off work/ school
take a day/ the afternoon etc off
Set up
Phrasal verb
To start a company, organization, committee etc
SYN establish
set something ↔ up
set (yourself) up (as something) (=start your own business)
set up shop/ set up in business (=begin operating a business)
Set something ↔ up
to make the arrangements that are necessary for something to happen
Fringe benefit
(N.)
An additional service or advantage given with a job besides wages
Humanitarian
(Adj.)
Concerned with improving bad living conditions and preventing unfair treatment of people
humanitarian aid/assistance/relief
Humanitarian aid is being sent to the refugees.
humanitarian grounds/reasons/purposes
He was released from prison on humanitarian grounds.
humanitarian noun
humanitarianism noun
Spare
(Adj.)
not used/needed
That is not being used or is not needed at the present time
We’ve got a spare bedroom, if you’d like to stay.
I’m afraid I haven’t got any spare cash.
Are there any tickets going spare (= are there any available, not being used by somebody else)?
extra
[only before noun] Kept in case you need to replace the one you usually use; extra
a spare key/tyre
Take some spare clothes in case you get wet.
time
Available to do what you want with rather than work
He’s studying music in his spare
time.
I haven’t had a spare moment this morning.
person
Thin, and usually quite tall
Succeed
(V.)
To achieve something that you have been trying to do or get; to have the result or effect that was intended
Our plan succeeded.
•succeed in doing something
He succeeded in getting a place at art school.
I tried to discuss it with her but only succeeded in making her angry (= I failed and did the opposite of what I intended).
To be successful in your job, earning money, power, respect, etc.
You will have to work hard if you are to succeed.
•succeed in something
She doesn’t have the ruthlessness required to succeed in business.
•succeed as something
He had hoped to succeed as a violinist.
Succeed somebody/something: To come next after somebody/something and take their/its place or position
synonym follow
Who succeeded Kennedy as President?
Their early success was succeeded by a period of miserable failure.
Strands of DNA are reproduced through succeeding generations.
Succeed (to something): To gain the right to a title, property, etc. when somebody dies
She succeeded to the throne (= became queen) in 1558.
He had no right to succeed to the tenancy when his father died.
Successful
(Adj.)
Achieving your aims or what was intended
•successful (in something/in doing something)
They were successful in winning the contract.
•successful (at something/at doing something)
I wasn’t very successful at keeping the news secret.
We congratulated them on the successful completion of the project.
Having become popular and/or made a lot of money
The play was very successful on Broadway.
a successful actor
The company has had another successful year.
opposite unsuccessful
Success
(N.)
The fact that you have achieved something that you want and have been trying to do or get; the fact of becoming rich or famous or of getting a high social position
What’s the secret of your success?
•success (in doing something)
I didn’t have much success in finding a job.
•success (in something)
They didn’t have much success in life.
Confidence is the key to success.
economic success
Their plan will probably meet with little success.
She was surprised by the book’s success (= that it had sold a lot of copies).
A person or thing that has achieved a good result and been successful
The party was a big success.
He’s proud of his daughter’s successes.
She wasn’t a success as a teacher.
He was determined to make a success of the business.
Relive
(V.)
Relive something to experience something again, especially in your imagination
He relives the horror of the crash every night in his dreams.
Gardening
(N.)
The activity of working in a garden, especially for pleasure
organic gardening
gardening gloves
a gardening programme on TV
Tactful
(Adj.)
Careful not to say or do anything that will annoy or upset other people
synonym diplomatic
That wasn’t a very tactful thing to say!
I tried to find a tactful way of telling her the truth.
It might be more tactful if you didn’t come to the wedding.
opposite tactless
Domestic
(Adj.)
Of or inside a particular country; not foreign or international domestic affairs/politics domestic flights (= to and from places within a country) Output consists of both exports and sales on the domestic market. opposite foreign
Used in the home; connected with the home or family domestic appliances domestic chores the growing problem of domestic violence (= violence between members of the same family) domestic service (= the work of a servant in a large house)
Liking home life; enjoying or good at cooking, cleaning the house, etc.
I’m not a very domestic sort of person.
(of animals) Kept on farms or as pets; not wild
Announce
(V.)
To tell people something officially, especially about a decision, plans, etc.
•announce something
They haven’t formally announced their engagement yet.
(figurative) A ring at the doorbell announced Jack’s arrival.
•announce that…
We are pleased to announce that all five candidates were successful.
•it is announced that…
It was announced that new speed restrictions would be introduced.
•announce something to somebody
The government yesterday announced to the media plans to create a million new jobs.
(❌You cannot ‘announce somebody something’:They announced us their decision.)
To give information about something in a public place, especially through a loudspeaker
•announce something
Has our flight been announced yet?
The winners will be announced in reverse order.
•+ speech
‘Now boarding flight 897, destination Seattle,’ the loudspeaker announced.
•announce that…
They announced that the flight would be delayed.
To say something in a loud and/or serious way
•+ speech
‘I’ve given up smoking,’ she announced.
•announce that…
She announced that she’d given up smoking.
Announce yourself/somebody: To tell somebody your name or somebody else’s name when you or they arrive at a place
Would you announce the guests as they arrive? (= call out their names, for example at a formal party)
Announce something to introduce, or to give information about, a programme on the radio or television
Excess baggage
(N.)
Bags, cases, etc. taken on to a plane that weigh more than the amount each passenger is allowed to carry without paying extra
(figurative) Trying to lose weight? Here are some suggestions to help you get rid of that excess baggage.
Board
(V.)
get on plane/ship, etc.
(formal) To get on a ship, train, plane, bus, etc.
Passengers are waiting to board.
•board something
The ship was boarded by customs officials.
Be boarding: When a plane or ship is boarding, it is ready for passengers to get on
Flight BA193 for Paris is now boarding at Gate 37.
live somewhere
Board at…/with somebody: To live and take meals in somebody’s home, in return for payment
She always had one or two students boarding with her.
He boarded at his aunt’s house until he found a place of his own.
To live at a school during the school year
Land
(V.) of bird/plane/insect To come down through the air onto the ground or another surface The plane landed safely. A fly landed on his nose. opposite take off
of pilot
Land something: To bring a plane down to the ground in a controlled way
The pilot landed the plane safely.
arrive in plane/boat
To arrive somewhere in a plane or a boat
We shall be landing shortly. Please fasten your seat belts.
The troops landed at dawn.
They were the first men to land on the moon.
The ferry is due to land at 3 o’clock.
Land somebody/something: To put somebody/something on land from an aircraft, a boat, etc.
The troops were landed by helicopter.
fall to ground
To come down to the ground after jumping, falling or being thrown
I fell and landed heavily at the bottom of the stairs.
A large stone landed right beside him.
difficulties
+ adv./prep. To arrive somewhere and cause difficulties that have to be dealt with
Why do complaints always land on my desk (= why do I always have to deal with them)?
job
(informal) To succeed in getting a job, etc., especially one that a lot of other people want
•land something
He’s just landed a starring role in Spielberg’s next movie.
•land somebody/yourself something
She’s just landed herself a company directorship.
fish
Land something: To catch a fish and bring it out of the water on to the land
Jet lag
(N.)
The feeling of being tired and slightly confused after a long plane journey, especially when there is a big difference in the time at the place you leave and that at the place you arrive in
I’m still suffering from jet lag after my trip to Australia.
Palace
(N.)
The official home of a king, queen, president, etc.
Buckingham Palace
the royal/presidential palace
(also the Palace) The people who live in a palace, especially the British royal family
The Palace last night refused to comment on the reports.
a Palace spokesman
Any large impressive house
The Old Town has a whole collection of churches, palaces and mosques.
(old-fashioned) (sometimes used in the names of buildings) A large public building, such as a hotel or cinema/movie theater
the Strand Palace Hotel
Temple
(N.)
A building used for the worship of a god or gods, especially in religions other than Christianity
the Temple of Diana at Ephesus
a Buddhist/Hindu/Sikh temple
(AmE) to go to temple (= to a service in a synagogue, where Jews worship)
Each of the flat parts at the sides of the head, at the same level as the eyes and higher
He had black hair, greying at the temples.
Pastime
(N.)
Something that you enjoy doing when you are not working synonym hobby
Watching television now seems to be the most popular national pastime.
Deliver a baby
(V.)
To help a woman to give birth to a baby
The baby was delivered by Caesarean section.
(formal) To give birth to a baby
She was delivered of a healthy boy.
Go online
(V.)
To become active or begin operating
Go on the Internet
(V.)
The expression “to go on the Internet” means to go online. It says nothing about what one does while online. Technically, most people who say “go on the Internet” mean “go on the Web” The Internet is a telecommunications network that does many things besides support the Web.
Wide-eyed
(Adj.)
With your eyes fully open because of fear, surprise, etc.
She stared at him in wide-eyed amazement.
Having little experience and therefore very willing to believe, trust or accept somebody/something
synonym naive
