p/s ch5 motivation emotion and stress Flashcards
Difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivation - is directed by internal reward or internal desire to do something for its own sake
For example, watching a show that you like
Extrinsic motivation is directed by external rewards from the environment during something you don’t necessarily want to do for a reward or to avoid punishment
Example would be studying to get a high grade high grade as the reward studying the uninterest task that must be done to achieve that reward
What is self-concept and what factors shape self-concept
Self-concept is the mental image, one of themselves, including physical appearance, social roles, and personal traits
The factors that shape self-concept are self esteem, self efficacy, and perceived locus of control
What is self-esteem?
Perception of one’s identity and self-respect
What is self efficacy?
Perceived capabilities of independence within society
What are the two types of the perceived locus of control?
External locus of Control, which is when an individual believe the situation is out of their control and is deeply influenced by other factors
Internal locus of control is when people believe that they have control over outcomes of their actions and usually have highly positive positive self-concept
What is the self-serving bias?
It explains how an individual describes their own successes or failures. They attribute successful outcomes to an internal locus of control, like hard work or intelligence, and they attribute negative outcomes to an external locus of control like blaming others or making excuses.
What is the fundamental attribution error?
It is a common psychological bias, where people tend to blame personality traits, or internal characteristics when explaining the behavior of others while underestimate their situational or external factors
What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Psychological theory proposed by Abraham Maslow outlined the series of human needs arranged in a hierarchical pyramid
TOP
Self actualization
Esteem
Love and belonging
Safety physiological needs
BOTTOM -
Explain the Drive reduction theory
Developed by Clark Hall proposes that human behavior is driven by desire to maintain homeostasis by reducing internal states of tension or discomfort known as drives.
An example is when it is cold outside the body response autonomously by shivering, but that is not enough, so we seek out extra layers and a warm place which reduces the “drive” of discomfort caused by the cold weather which disrupts our homeostasis
Drives can be related to hunger, thirst, temperature, and other biological needs
What is the instinct theory?
Theory proposes that we are all born with instincts or innate tendencies, which influence certain behaviors enabling survival instincts must be
1. unlearned and innate
2 occurring similarly across entire species
What is the arousal theory?
States that each person has an optimal level of arousal and we are motivated to pursue behaviors which will decrease or increase our arousal to reach our optimal level
For example, you were at a party and your arousal levels are too high so you leave the party to go home to decrease your level of arousal to the optimal level.
What is the incentive theory?
The incentive theory states that behavior is motivated by individual environment through rewards and avoiding behaviors which lead to negative consequences
For example, young children might be motivated to do their homework because their teacher promised ice cream party on the contrary, they are motivated for a frame from calling each other names because the teacher place them in time out
What is the social cognitive theory (SCT) ?
Developed by Albert Bandura proposes that behavior is influenced by cognitive processes and social context, and that these factors hold reciprocal influence on one another
What is the elaboration likelihood model?
The elaboration likelihood model states that persuasion occurs through two simultaneous pathways central route and the peripheral route
The central route uses the logical characteristics of a persuasive arguments
The peripheral route includes factors that do not affect the central argument like physical appearance and the use of props
What is an attitude?
Thoughts, feelings, and evaluations towards other components of the environment
What is the Yerkes Dodson law?
A law that states that elevated stress levels and arousal only improved performance up to a point beyond that point of optimal, arousal performance, decreases
