Bio ch 1 the cell

Question 1

what are the 4 tenets of the cell theory?

Answer 1

1. Things are made of cells
2. cells are the basic functional unit of life
3. Cells only come from pre-existing cells.
4. Cells carry genetic information called DNA.

Question 2

What are the biggest differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Answer 2

1. Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus. Prokaryotes do not.
2. Eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles, whereas prokaryotes do not.

Question 3

What is the difference between the cytosol and the cytoplasm?

Answer 3

The cytosol is the LIQUID portion of the cytoplasm where is the cytoplasm is all of the contents outside the nucleus and between the cell membrane, including the membrane-bound organelles and other Cellular components

Question 4

What’s the purpose of the nuclear membrane?

Answer 4

It is a double membrane that helpsTo keep the nuclear environment separate from the cytoplasm

Question 5

What do the nuclear pores on the nuclear membrane envelope do?

Answer 5

They allow for selected exchange of material between the cytoplasm and the nucleus

Question 6

What are the coding regions of DNA called?

Answer 6

genes and also Exxon

Question 7

Around which protein does DNA wind around?

Answer 7

Histone proteins

Question 8

What are chromosomes

Answer 8

Tightly packed and coiled DNA, including histones, used during replication

Question 9

What is the main function of the Mitochondria?

Answer 9

To produce energy, which is why it is often known as the powerhouse of the cell

Question 10

What are the functions of the outer membrane and the inner membrane of the mitochondria?

Answer 10

The outer membrane serves as a barrier between the cytosol and the mitochondria.

The inner membrane contains numerous infoldings, called Cristae, and contains the components involved for the electron transport chain.

Question 11

What is the purpose of cristae on the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Answer 11

Cristae are infoldings in the inner membrane space of the mitochondria, which increases its surface area to be able to house the enzymes and molecules of the electron transport chain to perform oxidative phosphorylation

Question 12

What is the intermembrane space of the mitochondrial matrix and what is its purpose

Answer 12

As its name implies, it is the space between the inner and outer membrane, and its purpose is to form a proton gradient during oxidative phosphorylation for ATP synthesis

Question 13

What are lysosomes?

Answer 13

Membrane bound structures containing hydrolytic enzymes with the ability to break things down

Question 14

What are endosome?

Answer 14

membrnae bound organelle that transports package and sort cell material traveling to and from the membrane (via ENDOcytosis) that often work with lysosomes and can send things into the lysosomal pathway for degradation

Question 15

What some differences between what endosomes and the Golgi apparatus do

Answer 15

And sort and transport materials brought into the Cell via endocytosis and they work a lot with lysosomes

The Golgi apparatus sorts and transport products from the ER, including proteins and lipids, and it also modifies them

Question 16

What is autolysis?

Answer 16

The release of enzymes from uncontrolled cell degradation after death

Question 17

What is the endoplasmic reticulum and its main function?

Answer 17

Endoplasmic reticulum or ER is a series of interconnected membranes which are connected to the nuclear envelope and its main function is to produce proteins and lipids

Question 18

What is the difference between the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 18

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in lipid synthesis, as well as transporting proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus

The rough plasma is with structures ribosomes, which is why it’s called the rough endoplasmic reticulum and those ribosomes allow for protein translation

Question 19

What is the Golgi apparatus and its function?

Answer 19

Think of the Golgi apparatus as the FedEx of the cell it’s job is to receive materials from the ER like proteins and lipids and modify sort and package these materials into vesicles and send them to their destination

Question 20

What are some of the modifications of products that occur in the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 20

Modifications include addition of carbohydrate, groups, phosphate, and sulfate

Question 21

What is exocytosis?

Answer 21

It is the opposite of endocytosis where when something needs to be secreted outside of the cell, secretory vessels merge with the cell membrane, the contents of which are released and ejected outside of the cell

Question 22

What are peroxisomes?

Answer 22

They are small membrane-bound organelles that primarily perform breakdown of very long chain fatty acids via beta oxidation. They also participate in lipids synthesis and contain enzymes use the pentose phosphate pathway.

Question 23

What is the cytoskeleton and what is it comp

Answer 23

It provides structure to the cell and helps maintain its shape. It also helps provide a conduit for transportation throughout the cell.

Skeleton is composed of three components
1 microfilaments
2 microtubules
3 intermediate elements

Question 24

what are microfilaments made of

Answer 24

Microfilaments are made of solid polymerized actin rods.

Question 25

What are microtubules made of, and what role do they play?

Answer 25

Microtubules are hollow, unlike microfilaments and they’re made of tubulin proteins. Microtubules also radiate throughout the cell so motor proteins like kinesin and diningdynein can carry vesicles along it.

Question 26

what are epithelial tissues

Answer 26

Covers the body and lines its cavities and hoolow organs protecting against pathogens. Also makes up glands and most parenchyma of different organs.

Question 27

What is the basement membrane?

Answer 27

thin, dense layer of extracellular matrix which separates and supports epithelial tissue from underlying connective tissue. helps epithelial cells remain as a cohesive unit

Question 28

What is parenchyma and stroma

Answer 28

parenchyma is the functional part of most organs and is made of epithelial cells usually, for example, the nephron in the kidney are parenchyma.

Stroma contribute more towards structure than function, f

Question 29

What are the three cell layer types of epithelia?

Answer 29

1. simple Epithelia is one layer of cells.
2. Stratified epithelia is many layers of cells.
3. Pseudo stratified epithelia is many layers of cells due to differences in cell height.

Question 30

What is connective tissue?

Answer 30

Tissue that supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body and provides framework for the epithelial cells.

ex bone and cartilage

Question 31

What are the three shapes of epithelial cells?

Answer 31

cuboidal - cube shaped
Columnar- long and thin column like
Squamous- flat

Question 32

What are the two types of prokaryotes?

Answer 32

archaea and bacteria

Question 33

What are the different shapes of bacteria

Answer 33

cocci (spherical)
baccili (rod shaped)
Spirili (spiral shaped)

Question 34

Major differences between bacteria and Archaea

Answer 34

Both are structurally similar

archaea have metabolic pathways similar to eukaryotes

Bacteria can be pathogenic or symbiotic

Question 35

Difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

Answer 35

Gram-positive bacteria will stain purple so think of gram-positive P for purple. Has a thick peptidoglycan layer and is sensitive to antibiotics

Gram-negative bacteria will not stain purple, has a thin peptidoglycan layer and is often resistant to antibiotics think of negative which is less which is skinny or thin

Question 36

There are aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. What are the three types of anaerobic bacteria?

Answer 36

Obligate anaerobic - bacteria are killed in the presence of oxygen

Facultative anaerobic- can switch between anaerobic and aerobic metabolism

Aero tolerant anaerobic - do do not use oxygen, but can tolerate its presence

Question 37

what is chemotaxis

Answer 37

The ability of cells to detect chemical stimuli and move toward or away from it via the flagella.

Question 38

What is binary fission??

Answer 38

Asexual reproduction of prokaryotes