Bio ch 1 the cell Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 4 tenets of the cell theory?

A
  1. Things are made of cells
  2. cells are the basic functional unit of life
  3. Cells only come from pre-existing cells.
  4. Cells carry genetic information called DNA.
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2
Q

What are the biggest differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A
  1. Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus. Prokaryotes do not.
  2. Eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles, whereas prokaryotes do not.
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3
Q

What is the difference between the cytosol and the cytoplasm?

A

The cytosol is the LIQUID portion of the cytoplasm where is the cytoplasm is all of the contents outside the nucleus and between the cell membrane, including the membrane-bound organelles and other Cellular components

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4
Q

What’s the purpose of the nuclear membrane?

A

It is a double membrane that helpsTo keep the nuclear environment separate from the cytoplasm

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5
Q

What do the nuclear pores on the nuclear membrane envelope do?

A

They allow for selected exchange of material between the cytoplasm and the nucleus

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6
Q

What are the coding regions of DNA called?

A

genes and also Exxon

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7
Q

Around which protein does DNA wind around?

A

Histone proteins

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8
Q

What are chromosomes

A

Tightly packed and coiled DNA, including histones, used during replication

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9
Q

What is the main function of the Mitochondria?

A

To produce energy, which is why it is often known as the powerhouse of the cell

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10
Q

What are the functions of the outer membrane and the inner membrane of the mitochondria?

A

The outer membrane serves as a barrier between the cytosol and the mitochondria.

The inner membrane contains numerous infoldings, called Cristae, and contains the molecules and enzymes for the electron transport chain.

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11
Q

What is the purpose of cristae on the inner membrane of the mitochondria

A

Cristae are infoldings in the inner membrane space of the mitochondria, which increases its surface area to be able to house the enzymes and molecules of the electron transport chain to perform oxidative phosphorylation

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12
Q

What is the intermembrane space of the mitochondrial matrix and what is its purpose

A

As its name implies, it is the space between the inner and outer membrane, and its purpose is to form a proton gradient during oxidative phosphorylation for ATP synthesis

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13
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Membrane bound structures containing hydrolytic enzymes with the ability to break things down

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14
Q

What are endosome?

A

Molecules that often work with lysosomes and they transport package and sort cell material traveling to and from the membrane (via ENDOcytosis) can send things into the lysosomal pathway for degradation

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15
Q

What some differences between what endosomes and the Golgi apparatus do

A

And sort and transport materials brought into the Cell via endocytosis and they work a lot with lysosomes

The Golgi apparatus sorts and transport products from the ER, including proteins and lipids, and it also modifies them

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16
Q

What is autolysis?

A

The release of enzymes from uncontrolled cell degradation after death

17
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum and its main function?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum or ER is a series of interconnected membranes which are connected to the nuclear envelope and its main function is to produce proteins and lipids

18
Q

What is the difference between the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in lipid synthesis, as well as transporting proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus

The rough plasma is with structures ribosomes, which is why it’s called the rough endoplasmic reticulum and those ribosomes allow for protein translation

19
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus and its function?

A

Think of the Golgi apparatus as the FedEx of the cell it’s job is to receive materials from the ER like proteins and lipids and modify sort and package these materials into vesicles and send them to their destination

20
Q

What are some of the modifications of products that occur in the Golgi apparatus?

A

Modifications include addition of carbohydrate, groups, phosphate, and sulfate

21
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

It is the opposite of endocytosis where when something needs to be secreted outside of the cell, secretory vessels merge with the cell membrane, the contents of which are released and ejected outside of the cell

22
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

They are small membrane-bound organelles that primarily perform breakdown of very long chain fatty acids via beta oxidation. They also participate in lipids synthesis and contain enzymes use the pentose phosphate pathway.

23
Q

What is the cytoskeleton and what is it comp

A

It provides structure to the cell and helps maintain its shape. It also helps provide a conduit for transportation throughout the cell.

Skeleton is composed of three components
1 microfilaments
2 microtubules
3 intermediate elements

24
Q

what are microfilaments made of

A

Microfilaments are made of solid polymerized actin rods.

25
Q

What are microtubules made of, and what role do they play?

A

Microtubules are hollow, unlike microfilaments and they’re made of tubulin proteins. Microtubules also radiate throughout the cell so motor proteins like kinesin and diningdynein can carry vesicles along it.

26
Q

what are epithelial tissues

A

Covers the body and lines its cavities and hoolow organs protecting against pathogens. Also makes up glands

27
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

extracellular matrix which separates and supports epithelial tissue from underlying connective tissue. helps epithelial cells remain as a cohesive unit

28
Q

What is parenchyma and stroma

A

parenchyma is the functional part of most organs and is made of epithelial cells usually, for example, the nephron in the kidney are parenchyma.

Stroma contribute more towards structure than function, f

29
Q

What are the three cell layer types of epithelia?

A
  1. simple Epithelia is one layer of cells.
  2. Stratified epithelia is many layers of cells.
  3. Pseudo stratified epithelia is many layers of cells due to differences in cell height.
30
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

It supports the body and provides framework for the epithelial cells.

ex bone and cartilage

31
Q

What are the three shapes of epithelial cells?

A

cuboidal - cube shaped
Columnar- long and thin column like
Squamous- flat

32
Q

What are the two types of prokaryotes?

A

archaea and bacteria

33
Q

What are the different shapes of bacteria

A

cocci (spherical)
baccili (rod shaped)
Spirili (spiral shaped)

34
Q

Major differences between bacteria and Archaea

A

Both are structurally similar

archaea have metabolic pathways similar to eukaryotes

Bacteria can be pathogenic or symbiotic

35
Q

Difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

A

Gram-positive bacteria will stain purple so think of gram-positive P for purple. Has a thick peptidoglycan layer and is sensitive to antibiotics

Gram-negative bacteria will not stain purple, has a thin peptidoglycan layer and is often resistant to antibiotics think of negative which is less which is skinny or thin

36
Q

There are aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. What are the three types of anaerobic bacteria?

A

Obligate anaerobic - bacteria are killed in the presence of oxygen

Facultative anaerobic- can switch between anaerobic and aerobic metabolism

Aero tolerant anaerobic - do do not use oxygen, but can tolerate its presence

37
Q

what is chemotaxis

A

The ability of cells to detect chemical stimuli and move toward or away from it via the flagella.

38
Q

What is binary fission??

A

Asexual reproduction of prokaryotes