Bio ch6 and 7 respiratory and cardiovascular systems

Question 1

Path of air down the respiratory pathway

Answer 1

Nose/mouth
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchii
Bronchioles
Alveoli

Question 2

what is the pleural cavity

Answer 2

A space between the pulmonary pleura and parietal pleura of the lungs which contains a layer of lubrication allowing for a sliding movement between the 2 pleura

Question 3

how do the lungs help protect against disease

Answer 3

lungs have 2 zones where they can prvent diseases

Conduction zone - from nose/mouth to the primary bronchi. mucus traps pathogens and particles and cilia sweep them away.

Respiratory Zone - from bronchi to alveoli, contain alveolar macrophages which engulf foreign particles

Question 4

what does surfactant help with in the lungs

Answer 4

It is a soapy substance which decreases surface tension and prevent the alveoli from collapsing

Question 5

Which muscles aid in breathing

Answer 5

The diaphragm is the main driver of breathing. Its function is to expand the lungs when contracted.

The intercostal muscles between the ribs also help to expand the lungs for breathing.

Question 6

what happens to our lungs during an inhalation

Answer 6

The diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract and when they do they expand the lung. thereby increasing its volume. The increased volume inside the lungs leads to decreased pressure which draws air into the lungs.

The pressure inside the lungs, when expanded, is lower than atmospheric pressure. As we know, things go from high to low pressure which is why the air goes into the lungs.

Question 7

what happens to our lungs during an exhalation

Answer 7

The diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity in increasing pressure inside the lungs, which simply pushes air out

Question 8

What is spirometry?

Answer 8

Measurements of the amount of air entering and exiting our lungs with various types of breathing

Question 9

What is Tidal volume (TV) ?

Answer 9

The amount of air in a normal breath, usually around 10% of our total capacity

Question 10

What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV) ?

Answer 10

The amount of extra air which can be forcefully exhaled after a normal exhalation

Question 11

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) ?

Answer 11

The amount of extra air which can be forcefully inhaled after a normal inhalation

Question 12

What is total lung capacity (TLC) ?

Answer 12

The greatest volume of that can be in the lungs at one time

Question 13

What is residual volume(RV) ?

Answer 13

The amount of air remaining in the long after exhaling as much as possible

Question 14

What is vital capacity (VC) ?

Answer 14

It’s the difference between the TLC and RV the total amount of air that can be forced out after inhaling as much as possible

Question 15

How does Gas exchange occurred at the alveolus

Answer 15

Differences in the partial pressures of carbon dioxide and oxygen allows for the exchange of gases at the alveolus.

CO2 is saturated in the blood so it diffuses across the thin alveolar membrane into the lungs while oxygen diffuses from inside the lungs across the membrane and into the blood stream where it binds with hemoglobin

Question 16

What does Henrys law state

Answer 16

Henry’s Law is a principle in chemistry and physics that describes how gases dissolve in liquids. Specifically, it states that the amount of a gas that dissolves in a liquid at a given temperature is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in contact with the liquid.

Question 17

Explain how the body regulated breathing with the bicarbonate buffer system

Answer 17

The bicarbonate buffer system maintains the body’s pH balance by using a reversible equilibrium between carbon dioxide (CO₂), carbonic acid (H₂CO₃), and bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻). When blood becomes too acidic (low pH), excess hydrogen ions (H⁺) combine with bicarbonate to form carbonic acid, which is converted to CO₂ and expelled through respiration, raising the pH. Conversely, when the blood becomes too alkaline (high pH), carbonic acid dissociates into H⁺ and bicarbonate, lowering the pH. The lungs regulate CO₂ levels, while the kidneys control bicarbonate levels, together maintaining pH within a narrow range essential for normal bodily function.

Question 18

alkalosis vs acidosis

Answer 18

alkalosis is incrase in blood pH levels

Acidosis is a decrease in blood pH levels

Question 19

main function of heart

Answer 19

pump oxygenated blood throughout body

Question 20

arteries vs veins

Answer 20

arteries carry oxygenated blood Away from the heart

veins carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart

Question 21

Pulmonary circulation

Answer 21

pulmonary arteries carry DEOXYGENATED blood towards the lungs and pulmonary veins carry OXYGENATED blood back to the heart (pulmonary arteries still going away from heart and veins still go toward )

Question 22

Movement of blood in the heart starting at the vena cava

Answer 22

ight atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary Artery
(lungs)
Pulmonary vein
Left Atrium
Mitral/Bicuspid Valve
Left Ventricle
Aortic Valve
Aorta
Body

Question 23

What are the branched levels of blood vessels from the aorta to the veins

Answer 23

Arteries
Arterioles

Capillaries (nutrient exchange)

Venules
Veins

Question 24

Tachycardia vs Brady cardia

Answer 24

Tachycardia fast heartrate

Bradycardia slow heart rate (tom Brady is slow)

Question 25

Systole vs Diastole

Answer 25

Systole : contraction blood is being pumped

Diastole: Relaxation. blood is being filled into the atria

Question 26

What are the 2 SL valves in the heart and the 2 AV valves

Answer 26

SL Semilunar valves

Pulmonary Valve - between Right ventricle and pulmonary artery

Aortic Valve - between Left Ventricle and Aorta

AV Atrioventricular Valves

Tricuspid - between Right atrium and ventricle

Bicuspid/Mitral valve - between Left atrium and ventricle

Question 27

What is the cardiac cycle and the 2 main parts of it

Answer 27

the mechanism by which the heart pumps blood

consists of systole and diastole

Question 28

What is the path of the electrical signal of the cardiac cycle

Answer 28

1. SA Node: Generates the initial electrical impulse.
   
   2. Atria: The impulse spreads through the atria, causing atrial contraction (P wave).
   3. AV Node: The impulse is delayed here to allow the ventricles to fill with blood.
   4. Bundle of His and Bundle Branches: Conduct the impulse down to the ventricles.
   5. Purkinje Fibers: Spread the impulse through the ventricles, causing contraction (QRS complex).
   6. Ventricular Repolarization: The ventricles relax, and repolarization occurs (T wave).

Question 29

What is the purpose of the SA node

Answer 29

The sinoatrial node is the area in the heart that contains pacemaker cells, which is what causes the heart to beat. The brain can send signals to alter heart rate but the SA node is the main controller of normal heart beats.

Question 30

What does the AV node do

Answer 30

the atrioventricular node is a collection of cells located between the atria and ventricles that receive an electrical signal from the SA node and then briefly hold the signal there to allow atria to fully fill with blood before propagating it towards the HIS-Purkinje system to perform ventricular systole.

Question 31

What are some of the big vasculature differences between veins, arteries, and capillaries

Answer 31

Veins
-have valves to prevent backflow as they travel upward
-very thin.

Arteries
-thick
-no valves
-the vessel which can constrict and dilate

Capillaries
-extremely thin to allow for gas exchange

Question 33

What are the 3 main parts of a EKG complex

Answer 33

P wave - Atrial systole (contraction/systole )

QRS complex - Ventricular depolarization (contraction /systole)

T wave - Ventricular repolarization (relaxation/ diastole)