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Mcat > P/s Ch1 bio and behavior > Flashcards

P/s Ch1 bio and behavior Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

what is ablation/extirpation

A

The removal of body tissues via various methods, including laser, heat, cold, chemical, etc.

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2
Q

What is functionalism?

A

How mental processes help individuals adapt to their environment

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3
Q

What are the three kinds of nerve cells in the nervous system?

A

Sensory (afferent)
Motor (efferent)
Neurons

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4
Q

What do sensory nerves cells do?

A

Transmit information from receptors to the brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

What do nerve cells do?

A

Transmit information from the brain in the spinal cord, muscles and glands

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6
Q

What are interneurons?

A

Into neurons are nerve cells found in between other neurons, and are the most abundant of the three types

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7
Q

What is a reflex arc

A

A neural pathway which mediates a reflex action, which is an automatic rapid response to stimuli without conscious thought

An example of a reflex arc would be when someone steps on a nail receptors in the foot, detect pain and transmit via sensory neurons up to the spinal cord. The sensory neurons connect with entered neurons, which relay pain impulses to the brain, however, rather than waiting for the brain to send out a signal into neurons in the spinal cord and signals to the muscles of both legs directly, causing the individual to reflexively, withdraw the foot in pain while simultaneously reflexively transferring weight to the oth.

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8
Q

What is the division of the nervous sysetm

A
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9
Q

What is the difference between the CNS and the PNS?

A

The 2 major division of the nervous system

The CNS is the central nervous system and is composed of the brain and the spinal cord

PNS is the peripheral nervous system, and it is composed of all nervous tissue/fibers outside of the brain and spinal cord. It also includes all 31 spinal nerves and 12 cranial nerves.

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10
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system and how do they differ?

A

Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

The somatic nervous system is in voluntary control of skeletal muscles by a sensory in motor neurons

The autonomic, nervous system, regulates, involuntary physiological processes, such as heartbeat, respiration, digestion, etc.

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11
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system and how do they differ?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system and sympathetic nervous system

Parasympathetic controls rest and digest functions slows the heart rate stimulates digestion, constricts, the pupil, etc. the main neurotransmitter responsible is acetylcholine

Sympathetic nervous system controls our fight or flight response activated by stress increases. Heart rate slows down digestion and dilates the eyes. The main neurotransmitter responsible is epinephrine.

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12
Q

What is the meninges and what is its purpose?

A

A three-layered sheet of connective tissue covering the brain who is purpose is to help protect the brain by anchoring it to the skull and also resorbing CSF. CSF nourish is the brain and spinal cord and provides a protective cushion.

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13
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges from outermost to innermost?

A

Outer most

Dura mater

Arachnoid mater

Pia mater

Inner most

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14
Q

What are the three basic parts of the brain during embryological development?

A

The hindbrain
midbrain
forebrain

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15
Q

what is the cerebral cortex?

A

The outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres it’s associated with complex perceptual,cognitive, and behavioral processes and much more

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16
Q

what does the medulla oblongata do

A

regulates vital functions like breathing and HR

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17
Q

what does the pons do

A

the function of the pons is to serve as a relay station for sensory and motor pathways between the cortex and the medulla.

Thalamus also does this.

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18
Q

What does the cerebellum do

A

helps maintian posture ann balance and cooridnates body movements. Also involved in cognitive and emotional processes

19
Q

what is the definition of neuropsychology

A

the study of functions and behaviors associated with specific brain regions

20
Q

what is rCBF testing

A

stands for regional cerebral blood flow and it detects neural activity patterns based on increased blood flow to different parts of the brain

21
Q

What are the structural only methods of studying the brain

A

CAT /CT scans (computerized axial tomography) - uses x rays to create images of the brain and can show tumors and swelling

MRI ( magnetic resonance imaging ) - uses radio waves to take picture of brain. More detailed than CT scans

22
Q

What are the functional only methods of studying the brain?

A

Electroencephalography (EEG) measures electrical activity generated by neurons in the brain shows if a person is awake or asleep or is using cognitive tasks

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) - record magnetic field produced by electrical currents in the brain

23
Q

What are the combined functional and structural methods of setting the brain?

A

FMRI (functional MRI) - gives the same structural images as MRIs, but also shows which structures are active

PET scans (positron emission demography) - inject glucose to see which areas of brain are using the most glucose it’s paired with CT and MRI scan usually

24
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

It serves as a relay station for incoming sensory information, other than smell relays that information the cerebral cortex

25
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Hypothalamus serves in many functions
Homeostatic
Emotional states, especially with higher arousal
Endocrine function
The four F’s
feeding
fighting
flight
fucking

26
Q

What does the ventromedial hypothalamus specifically do?

A

It is known as the society center of the brain because it provides signals to stop eating

Lesions of the VMH can lead to obesity

27
Q

what is the anterior hypothalamus specifically do

A

controls sexual behavior.

damage leads to sexual inhibition

28
Q

What is the basal ganglia

A

It is a group of structures in the middle of the brain which coordinate muscle movement as it receives information from the cortex and relays it to the brain in the spinal cord

Damage can lead to Parkinson’s disease

29
Q

What is the limbic system associated with?

A

Emotion and memory

Olympic system also contains the amygdala and hippocampus

30
Q

The amygdala which is in the limbic system system does what?

A

Plays a role in defensive and aggressive behaviors

Stores emotional memories specifically

31
Q

The hippocampus which is in the limbic system does what

A

Plays a vital role in learning and memory formation as well as spatial navigation

32
Q

what is the cerebral cortex

A

the outer surface of the brian which is covered in numerous bumps and folds known as gyri and sulci

33
Q

what are the 4 lobes of the brain

A

FTOP
frontal
Temporal
Occipital
Parietal

34
Q

what are the main functions associated with the frontal lobe

A

theres 2 regions known as the prefrontal cortex and the motor cortex.

The prefontal cortex manages executive functions by supervising and directing other brain regions. Essentially the “manager” of the brain.

the motor cortex, as revealed by its name, initiates voluntary motor movements by sending neural impulses down the spinal cord and toward muscles

35
Q

what is the main function of the parietal lobe

A

sensory processing for things senses like touch, pain and temperature.

Spatial awareness.

stimulus perception.

36
Q

what is the main function of the temporal lobe

A

auditory processing. The temporal lobe contains wernickes area

functions also in memory processing, emotion and language

37
Q

what is the main function of the occipital lobe

A

visual processing

38
Q

what are catecholamines and what are the 3 main ones

A

group of neurotransmitters and hormones which play important roles and stress response

3 main ones are

epinephrine (adrenaline) hormone
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) - NT
Dopamine -NT

39
Q

GABA function

A

inhibitory

inhibits brain activity

40
Q

Glycine function

A

amino acid that also serves as an inhibitory NT

41
Q

glutamate function

A

excitatory NT

42
Q

what do endorphins do

A

natural painkiller

43
Q

differnece between neurotransmitters and hormones

A

NT use nervous system

hormones use endocrine system

44
Q
A

Mcat (13 decks)

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