P&B Chapter 13: Data Collection in Quant Research Flashcards
Which type of quantitative data collection measure is used with open ended and closed ended questions ?
Structured self-report
List 2 ways to complete interviews.
face to face
telephone
List 2 structured self-reports
- interviews
2. questionnaires
Which is NOT a type of closed-ended question?
- multiple choice
- rank-order
- rating
- forced choice
- respond in own words
- dichotomous
- visual analog
**fixed alternative is another name for closed-ended
respond in own words
this is open ended
What are 3 reasons to select questionnaires as your way to collect data?
- cost (less costly)
- anonymity* (can obtain a candid response/perhaps a socially unacceptable response)
- interviewer bias (absence of interviewer)
- highlighted in lecture
- p. 305 in book
List 3 reasons to use interviews (Kelli lists 8)
- response rate* (people less likely to refuse to talk to an interviewer)
- audience (many people cannot fill out a questionnaire)
- clarity (interviewers can provide clarification to confusing questions)
- depth of questions (open-ended questions/probing questions)
- missing info can be asked about (respondents less likely to give an “I don’t know response” to an interviewer)
- order of questions can be flexible (interviewers can skip around in asking questions)
- sample control (interviewers know whether the people being interviewed are the intended respondents)
- supplementary data can be obtained from the interviewer (nonverbals can be assessed)
- highlighted in lecture
- considered superior to questionnaires for most research purposes b/c of these advantages
- p. 305-306 in book
Which method of quant research data collection is described?
*the documentation of specific behaviors, actions, and events using formal instruments and protocols
structured observation
*this is an important data collection method, particularly for recording aspect’s of people’s behaviors when they are not capable of describing them reliably in self-reports” (p. 318)
What are the limitations (i.e. type of bias) of a structured self-report (3)?
Response bias: (p. 313 in book) (these are the response biases you cannot do much about as the interviewer)
- social desirability response bias (people’s tendency to present a favorable image of themselves so they provide response that aligns with prevailing social values/misrepresents themselves)
- extreme response (consistent selection of extreme alternatives - captures a trait of the respondent vs. the actual feelings about the phenomenon under study)
- acquiescence response (agree with statements regardless of content….naysayers is the opposite)
What are biases of structured observation (4)?
- assimilatory bias (evidence based on previous assumptions - observer distorts observations in the direction of identity with previous inputs)
- halo effect (tendency of observers to be influenced by one characteristic in judging other, unrelated characteristics)
- error of leniency (tendency to rate everything positively)
- error of severity (tendency to rate everything too harshly)
(p. 318 in book)
2 biophysiologic measures
- in vivo
2. in vitro
Which is described?
- in vivo
- in vitro
* extracting material from people and submitting it to lab
in vitro (example of an in vitro measurement is measuring serum potassium concentration in the blood)
Which is described?
- in vivo
- in vitro
* directly in or on living organisms
in vivo (examples of in vivo measurements are BP, body temperature, SpO2)
3 disadvantages for biophysiologic measures
- cost
- measuring tool may affect the variable it is attempting to measure
- energy (energy sometimes needs to be applied to organism when taking these measurements - high-energy concentrations could damage cells)
3 advantages for biophysiologic measures
- accurate and precise
- objective
- valid
These ideas describe what:
- Testing hypotheses/addressing research questions
- describing sample characteristics
- controlling confounding variables
- analyzing potential biases
- understanding subgroup effects
- interpreting results
- assessing treatment fidelity
- obtaining administrative information
Some of the purposes that quantitative researchers may need data for (p. 293-294 in book)
Yes or No - data collection is often the costliest and most time-consuming portion of a study
Yes
________ indicate the “normal” values on a measure for a specified population, and thus offer a built-in comparison
Norms
Are these strengths or weaknesses of close ended questions:
- easy to administer/easy to analyze
- more efficient than open ended questions
- preferred if respondent cannot express him/herself verbally
- gives respondents a greater measure of privacy/less likely to go unanswered
Strengths (p. 298)
Are these strengths or weaknesses of close ended questions:
- potential to omit key responses
- tend to be superficial
- respondents may be forced to choose a response that does not reflect their opinions well
Weaknesses (p. 298)
Do questionnaires tend to use more open or close-ended questions?
Close-ended (tends to minimize the respondent writing burden)
Do interviews tend to use more open or close-ended questions?
Mixture of both
Choose the type of question this is:
Is today Thursday? (Yes or No)
Choices: Dichotomous Multiple-choice Rank order Forced-choice Rating Checklist Visual-Analog Scale (VAS)
Dichotomous (requires respondents to make a choice)
*especially helpful when gathering factual info
Choose the type of question this is:
How important is it to you to avoid a pregnancy at this time?
- Extremely important
- Very important
- Somewhat important
- Not important
Choices: Dichotomous Multiple-choice Rank order Forced-choice Rating Checklist Visual-Analog Scale (VAS)
Multiple-choice question
*preferable to dichotomous questions for opinion/attitude questions because more info is provided, especially intensity/direction of opinion
Choose the type of question this is:
Which statement most closely represents your own point of view?
- OT Theory is the greatest thing since sliced bread
- If I never have to hear about OT Theory again, it won’t be long enough
Choices: Dichotomous Multiple-choice Rank order Forced-choice Rating Checklist Visual-Analog Scale (VAS)
Forced-choice question
*requires respondents to choose between to polar position statements
(FYI - #2 is the “right answer” in this case hehehe)
What type of question does this describe:
Respondents are asked to rank concepts along a continuum, such as most to least important
Rank order questions
*sometimes these can be misunderstood, so good instructions and an example may be needed; 10 rankings maximum
What type of question does this describe:
Respondents are asked to evaluate something along an ordered dimension
Rating question
*typically on a bipolar scale, with end points specifying opposite extremes on a continuum; number of points on scale are odd so there can be a neutral mid-point
What type of question does this describe:
Includes several questions with the same response format; it is a 2-dimensional arrangement in which a series of questions is listed on one side and the responses are listed on the other
Checklist
- relatively efficient and easy to understand, but they are difficult to read orally so they are used in questionnaires more often than interviews
What type of question does this describe:
Used to measure subjective experiences, such as pain or fatigue…it is a straight line with the end anchors being the extreme limits of the subjective experience being measured….respondents are asked to place a mark on the line between these two extremes to correspond to the amount of feeling they are experiencing
Visual Analog Scale (VAS)
What type of structured self report does this describe:
Consists of several declarative items that express a viewpoint on a topic; respondents are asked to indicate the degree to which they agree/disagree with the opinion expressed by the statement
Likert Scale (p. 301) (sometimes called a summated rating scaled b/c a person’s total score is computed by adding individual item scores together)
I did not make flashcards for these, but they are in book from pages 302-304 and were not mentioned in the ppt at all
other types of composite scales/structured self-reports:
- semantic differential scale (measures attitudes)
- cognitive tests (measures cognitive skills)
- Q sort (measures attitudes, personality traits)
- Vignettes (obtains info about how people might behave in situation that would be difficult to observe in daily life)
Why are scales important? (p. 301)
-
They are used to discriminate quantitatively among people with different attitudes, fears, needs….they are created by combining several close-ended items into a composite score
