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Research > P&B Chapter 12: Quant Research: Sampling, Data Collection, Measurement and Data Quality > Flashcards

P&B Chapter 12: Quant Research: Sampling, Data Collection, Measurement and Data Quality Flashcards

1
Q

N =

A

N = Population: entire aggregation of cases in which the researcher is interested

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2
Q

n =

A

n = sample: subset of population elements

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3
Q

2 key considerations of representative quantitative sample

A

1) representativeness

2) size

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4
Q

Quantitative sample size can be determined by _____ _______.

A

power analysis

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5
Q

What specifies population criteria?

A

eligibility criteria
examples: TBI with at least 5 days inpatient rehab;
diagnosis of Diabetes;
participant of Rebuilding Together

**sometimes a population is also defined by characteristics that people must NOT possess (exclusion criteria)

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6
Q

List at least 4 considerations for eligibility?

A

1) cost
2) practical constraints
3) people’s ability to participate
4) design considerations (remember designs from Quiz 1)

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7
Q

Which type of sample? Probability or Non-Probability

* elements selected by non-random methods

A

non-probability

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8
Q

Which type of sample? Probability or Non-Probability

*involves random sampling

A

probability

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9
Q

Which type of sample? Probability or Non-Probability

*no way to establish probability that each element will be included in sample

A

non-probability

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10
Q

Which type of sample? Probability or Non-Probability

*estimates probability that an element will be included in sample

A

probability

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11
Q

4 types of non-probability sampling

A

1) Convenience sampling**
2) Quota sampling
3) Consecutive sampling
4) Purposive sampling

**Snowball sampling is a TYPE of convenience sampling (pg. 276 in the book lists convenience, quota, consecutive, & purposive as the 4 types though :) )

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12
Q

Which type of non-probability sampling?

1) Convenience sampling
2) Quota sampling
3) Consecutive sampling
4) Purposive sampling
5) Snowball sampling
* network or chain sampling by referral

A

Snowball sampling

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13
Q

Which type of non-probability sampling?

1) Convenience sampling
2) Quota sampling
3) Consecutive sampling
4) Purposive sampling
* recruiting all from accessible population over specified time and size

A

Consecutive sampling (can be selected retrospectively or prospectively)

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14
Q

Which type of non-probability sampling?

1) Convenience sampling
2) Quota sampling
3) Consecutive sampling
4) Purposive sampling
* researcher uses knowledge about population to select sample

A

purposive sampling

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15
Q

Which type of non-probability sampling?

1) Convenience sampling
2) Quota sampling
3) Consecutive sampling
4) Purposive sampling
* using those who are most available as participants

A

convenience sampling

pretty much the hallmark of non-probability sampling

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16
Q

4 types of probability sampling

A

I. simple random sampling
II. stratified random sampling
III. multicluster sampling
IV. systematic sampling

17
Q 
Which type of probability sampling?
I. simple random sampling
II. stratified random sampling
III. multicluster sampling
IV. systematic sampling
* selecting every \_\_\_th case from a list; sample interval
A

systematic sampling

18
Q 
Which type of probability sampling?
I. simple random sampling
II. stratified random sampling
III. multicluster sampling
IV. systematic sampling
* selecting broad groups in stages than randomly selecting sample
A

multistage cluster sampling

ex: OT students in US, then create regions, then random selection

19
Q 
Which type of probability sampling?
I. simple random sampling
II. stratified random sampling
III. multicluster sampling
IV. systematic sampling
*subdivide population into homogeneous subtests then randomly select sample; proportionate vs. disproportionate
A

stratified random sampling

need large population to start with so that you can random sample from that

20
Q

In Probability sampling, what error/bias is described?

*difference between population values and sample’s value

A

sampling error

21
Q

In Probability sampling, what error/bias is described?

*systematic over-representation or under-representing of population segment; based on population’s homogeneity

A

sampling bias

22
Q

Place the steps in sampling quantitative studies in order:
A. recruit the sample
B. identify the population
C. specify sampling plan (to include method of drawing sampling and power analysis)
D. specify eligibility criteria

A
  1. B. identify the population
  2. D. specify eligibility criteria
  3. C. specify sampling plan (to include method of drawing sampling and power analysis)
  4. A. recruit the sample
23
Q

“Researchers usually sample from an _______ population, but should identify the ______ population to which they want to generalize their results”

A

accessible, target

24
Q

Can you name one positive/strength of nonprobability sampling? What about one negative?

A

Positive: practical
Negative: strong potential for bias

25
Q

Can you name one positive/strength of probability sampling? What about one negative?

A

Positive: best method for obtaining a representative sample (if the sample isn’t representative of the population, the study’s external validity and construct validity are at risk)
Negative: impractical/laborious

26
Q

What does this describe: it specifies in advance how participants are to be selected and how many participants to include

A

Sampling plan

27
Q

True or False - samples are sometimes selected in multiple stages

A

True (multistage sampling) - For example, in the first stage, large units are selected (nursing homes); then in a later stage, individual people are selected

the first stage can involved deliberate selection of the study site (nursing homes) and then people within the nursing homes can be randomly selected = a way to combine probability/nonprobability sampling together

28
Q

True or False - “The probability of selecting a deviant sample size INCREASES as the size of the sample DECREASES”

A

False - the deviant sample size DECREASES as the sample size gets bigger and bigger (becomes more representative)

29
Q

True or False - “The LARGER the sample, the SMALLER the sampling error”

A

True

30
Q

Fill in the blank - “Power analysis builds on the concept of _______ _____, which expresses the strength of relationships among research variables”

A

effect size (so, if there is reason to believe that the IV and the DV will be strongly related, then a relatively small sample may be adequate to reveal the relationship statistically)

31
Q

True or False - “If the population is relatively HOMOGENEOUS, a small sample size may be adequate”

A

True

32
Q

When is attrition in a study most likely to occur (when people drop out of the study)?

A

1) if the time lag between data collection points is great
2) if the population is mobile
3) if the population is at risk of death or disability

Research (20 decks)

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