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Research > Chapter 16: DESCRIPTIVE Stats > Flashcards

Chapter 16: DESCRIPTIVE Stats Flashcards

1
Q

Statistics allows you to: _______ and describe, reveal underlying ________, & make ___________

A

count, patterns, inferences

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2
Q

2 ways stats are used

A
  1. descriptive 2. inferential
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3
Q

What kind of stats? *make generalizations about the population (in number form) from data collected on the sample

A

inferential

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4
Q

What kind of stats? *describe the sample (demographic tables) (ex: frequencies; can be shown in pie charts)

A

descriptive

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5
Q

What is being described? *a characteristic among persons or other living things, objects, or events: eye color, hair color, temperature

A

variable

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6
Q

How can variables be described? 2 ways

A
  1. number (1=blue, 2= brown) 2. words (blue, brown, green)
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7
Q

Discrete or continuous variable? *takes on a finite range of values (ex: number of children in the home)

A

discrete

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8
Q

Discrete or continuous variable? *takes on infinite range of values along specified continuum (ex. age, weight, height)

A

continuous

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9
Q

Discrete or continuous variable? *AKA categorical variables

A

discrete

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10
Q

Discrete or continuous variable? used with nominal and ordinal scales

A

discrete

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11
Q

Discrete or continuous variable? *used with interval and ratio scales

A

continuous

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12
Q

T/F *continuous variables can be converted to discrete variables, but not vice versa

A

TRUE (ex: 1 = length less than 60 inches, 2 = length 60 inches or greater)

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13
Q

Name 4 levels measurement

A
  1. nominal 2. interval 3. ordinal 4. ratio (“noir” = black in French) :-)
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14
Q

Which level of measurement? *attributes are ordered; doesn’t tell measurable differences between levels (no equal distance between 1 and 2, ex: FIM scales)

-sorting people based on an attribute (attributes ordered according to some criteria); captures equivalence and relative rank

A

ordinal

(Ex. FIM scores- numbers signify incremental ability to perform ADL’s; people who score 4 on FIM are equivalent in regards to function and relative to those in other categories; does NOT tell us how much greater one level is to another)

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15
Q

Which level of measurement? *lowest level of measurement; mutually exclusive; no quantitative meaning to the numbers (ex: race); assigning numbers to classify characteristics into categories; provides no information other than equivalence and non-equivalence

A

nominal

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16
Q

Which level of measurement? * specify rank ordering on variable and assume equivalent distance; no real absolute magnitude (ex: age, temperature degree C and degree F–> 60 degrees is not twice as hot as 30 degrees and 0 degrees is not an absence of heat)

A

interval

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17
Q

Which level of measurement? *highest level of measurement; addresses ordering, intervals, & absolute magnitude

(ex. weight of 200lbs is twice the weight of 100lbs)

can use all arithmetic operations with this level of measurement

A

ratio

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18
Q

T/F: There is no true absence of 0 in ratio measurement.

A

FALSE: 0 is true absence in ratio measurement (ex: money, height, weight, minutes of time)

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19
Q

What type of inferential data is used with nominal and ordinal data?

A

non-parametric

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20
Q

What type of inferential stats is described? *easy to interpret, distribution free, doesn’t estimate parameters; considered less robust, and unable to handle multivariate questions

-useful when data cannot be interval level, when distribution is non-normal, or when sample size is very small

A

non-parametric

21
Q

A continuous scale in stats tends to use which type of measurement?

A

interval & ratio

22
Q

Which type of inferential stats uses interval & ratio measurement?

A

parametric

23
Q

T/F: Parametric inferential stats has normal distributions, is considered more powerful, and can study multiple variables.

A

TRUE

24
Q

What graphic describes data that cluster around a mean score or average and square root of variance?

A

normal curve with standard deviation

25
Q

T/F: In a normal distribution, few scores are close to the mean.

A

FALSE: In a normal distribution, MOST scores are close to the mean, though a small number of outlier scores are significantly above or below the mean.

26
Q

Positively skewed or Negatively skewed

A

Positively skewed

27
Q

Positively skewed or Negatively skewed

A

Negatively skewed

28
Q

Correlation, Absolute Risk, Relative risk, Relative Risk Reduction, & Odds Ratio are types of ______ stats.

A

Bivariate: describes relationships between 2 variables

29
Q

Name the type of Bivariate stats.

*the extent to which 2 variables are related to one another

A

correlation

30
Q

These terms will often be used in correlational studies

A

relationship,

association,

correlation

31
Q

T/F

*correlation implies causation

A

FALSE

32
Q

Which type of correlation:

when 1 variable increases, the other one does too

A

positive correlation

33
Q

Which type of correlation:

when 1 variable increases, the other one decreases

A

negative correlation

34
Q

2 widely used correlational indexes

A
  1. Pearson’s r product moment (interval or ratio data)
  2. Spearmen’s rho (used for ordinal level data)
35
Q

Strength of correlations:

0 - .2

A

negligible

36
Q

Strength of correlations:

.2 - .4

A

low

37
Q

Strength of correlations:

.4 - .6

A

moderate

38
Q

Strength of correlations:

.6 - .8

A

high

39
Q

Strength of correlations:

.8 - 1

A

very high

40
Q

T/F

Small sample sizes can yield higher correlations without strong effect, so be cautious about making judgment about correlation results by using significance levels only

A

FALSE

LARGE sample sizes can yield higher correlations without strong effect, so be cautious about making judgment about correlation results by using significance levels only

41
Q

Which type of Bivariate stats?

*the proportion of people who experience an undesirable outcome in intervention and control group

A

Absolute Risk

42
Q

Which type of Bivariate stats?

*estimated proportion of the original risk of an adverse outcome that persists among people exposed to the intervention

A

Relative Risk

43
Q

Which type of Bivariate stats?

*the proportion of people with the adverse outcome relative to those without it

A

Odds Ratio

44
Q

highest score minus lowest score

A

range

45
Q

most frequently occurring score in a distribution

A

mode

46
Q

point in distribution where 50% are above and below; does not use quantitative value of the numbers

A

median

47
Q

sum of all scores divided by the # of scores; average

A

mean

48
Q

Used with interval/ratio data; average amount of deviation of values from the mean and is calculated using every score; variability index for a set of scores

A

standard deviation

Research (20 decks)

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