Ch 7: Ethics

Question 1

In response to human rights violations, various ____ of ____ have been developed.

Answer 1

Codes of Ethics

Question 2

What is the code of ethics in the United States adopted by the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research?

Answer 2

Belmont Report

Question 3

What are the three broad principles articulated in the Belmont Report?

Answer 3

beneficence, respect for human dignity, and justice

Question 4

What is beneficence?

Answer 4

• imposes a duty on researchers to minimize harm and maximize benefits
• harm can be considered physical, emotional, social, or financial

Question 5

Obligation to avoid, prevent, and minimize harm

Answer 5

nonmaleficence

Question 6

What are some principles under beneficence?

Answer 6

1. the right to freedom from harm and discomfort

2. the right to protection from exploitation

Question 7

What are some principles under respect for human dignity?

Answer 7

1. the right to self-determination (prospective participants can voluntarily decide whether to take part or not without risk of prejudicial treatment)
2. The right to full disclosure (researcher has fully described the nature of the study, the person’s right to refuse participation, the researchers responsibilities, and likely risks and benefits)

Question 8

collection of data without participant’s knowledge and consent; researchers obtain data through concealed methods like hidden equipment or observing while pretending to be engaged in something else

Answer 8

covert data collection

Question 9

Deliberately withholding information about the study or providing participants with false information

Answer 9

deception

Question 10

What are the principles under Justice?

Answer 10

1. The right to fair treatment (participant selection is based on study requirements and not on a group’s vulnerability; researchers can’t neglect nor discriminate against individuals or groups who may benefit from research (ex. women and minorities); researchers must treat people who decline to participate or who withdraw in a nonprejudicial manner)
2. The right to privacy

Question 11

Assessment designed to examine whether the benefits of participating in a study are in line with costs, be they financial, physical, emotional, or social

Answer 11

risk-benefit assessment

Question 12

Risks no greater than those ordinarily encountered in daily life or during routine tests or procedures

Answer 12

minimal risk

Question 13

Participants have adequate information about the research, comprehend that information, and have the ability to consent to or decline participation voluntarily

Answer 13

informed consent

Question 14

What 15 pieces of information have to be communicated to participants for informed consent?

Answer 14

1. participant status
2. study goals
3. type of data
4. procedures
5. nature of the commitment
6. sponsorship
7. participant selection
8. potential risks
9. potential benefits
10. alternatives
11. compensation
12. confidentiality pledge
13. voluntary consent
14. right to withdraw and withhold information
15. contact information

Question 15

Most secure means of protecting confidentiality- occurs when researcher cannot link participants to their data

Answer 15

anonymity

Question 16

Formal strategy to communicate respect and concern for participants well-being especially when data collection has been stressful or when ethical guidelines had to be “bent”

Answer 16

debriefing

Question 17

Who are considered “vulnerable populations”?

Answer 17

1. children
2. mentally or emotionally disabled people
3. severely ill or physically disabled people
4. the terminally ill
5. institutionalized people
6. pregnant women

Question 18

Committee that review proposed research plans for ethics

Answer 18

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Question 19

For certain research that involves no more than minimal risk, IRB can use this review process which does not require a meeting

Answer 19

Expedited review

Question 20

What are some examples of research misconduct?

Answer 20

fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, etc.