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Biochemistry > Oxidative Phosphorilation > Flashcards

Oxidative Phosphorilation Flashcards

1
Q

Oxidative phosphorilation contains

A

Several steps of exergonic electron transfer

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2
Q

It is the __________ source of cellular ATP

A

Major

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3
Q

Electron transport takes place in _____

A

Mitochondria

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4
Q

The _____ encloses the matrix and includes _____

A

Inner mitochondrial matrix, specific transport proteins

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5
Q

As electrons are being passed through _______, protons are pumped from the matrix into _______

A

The electron transport chain, intermembrane space

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6
Q

The generated _____ provides the energy for ATP synthesis

A

Proton concentration gradient

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7
Q

The ______ contain porins and therefore is permeable to most small molecules

A

Outer mitochondrial membrane

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8
Q

The _____ is impermeable to most molecules

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

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9
Q

The inner membrane is ideal for maintaining ______

A

Concentration gradients

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10
Q

The human body contains ______ of mitochondrial inner membrane, similar to 3 football fields

A

14,000 m^2

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11
Q

ATP and ADP Transport in Mitochondria is ______

A

Tighly regulated

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12
Q

_________ protein imports ADP and exports _____

A

ATP Translocase, ATP

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13
Q

A _____ permits simultaneous movement of ___ and H+

A

Symport, Pi

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14
Q

Net ATP yield of ______ depends on how electrons from ________ are transported into the mitochondrial matrix

A

glucose catabolism, cytoplasmic NADH

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15
Q

The number of ____ transported by each complex is ____ , but it is widely accepted that ____ are transported per ____ molecule oxidized

A

Protons, unclear, 10 H+, NADH

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16
Q

There are _____ protein complexes associate with the _____

A

four, electron transport chain

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17
Q

_______ transfers electrons from ____ to Ubiquinone (Q)

A

Complex 1, NADH

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18
Q

The citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and other processes also generate _______ ubiquinol (QH2)

A

Mitochondrial

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19
Q

_______ is succinate dehydrogenase which produces ____

A

Complex 2, QH2

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20
Q

_____ transfers electrons from ubiquinol to reduce ____

A

Complex 3, cytochrome c

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21
Q

_______ transfers electrons from _____ to reduce O2 to _____

A

Complex 4, cytochrome c, H20

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22
Q

Reduction potential indicates how likely a molecule is to _____

A

Gain an electron

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23
Q

Electrons travel from molecules with the ____ , to molecules with the _____

A

Lowest reduction potential, highest

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24
Q

In the electron transport chain, ____ is the reduced molecule which is the ______

A

NADH, initial source of electrons

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25
Q

________: NADH-Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase

A

Complex 1

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26
Q

_______: Succinate-Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase

A

Complex 2

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27
Q

_____: Ubiquinol-Cytochrome C Oxidoreductase

A

Complex 3

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28
Q

_____ :Cytochrome C Oxidase

A

Complex 4

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29
Q

Complex 1 transfers electrons from____ to ______ (Q) to generate ______

A

NADH, Ubiquinone, Ubiquinol (QH2)

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30
Q

In complex 1, electrons transfer from _____ to _____, then from FMN to _____

A

NADH, FMN, Q

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31
Q

There are several co-factors required for electron transfer, including multiple ______

A

Iron-Sulfur Clusters (FeS)

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32
Q

______ is reduced to ubiquinol (QH2), which can diffuse through the membrane to ______

A

Ubiquinone, Complex 3

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33
Q

As electrons are transferred from _____ to ______, Complex 1 transfers _____ from the matrix to the intermembrane space

A

NADH, Ubiquinone, four protons

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34
Q

NADH initially transfers _______ to FMN, electrons are then transferred to a series of ______, ____ at a time

A

Two electrons, FeS clusters, one

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35
Q

Iron-sulfur clusters are coordinated with ____ thiols

A

Cys

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36
Q

Electrons from the FeS clusters are transferred ____at a time to _______

A

One, Ubiquinone (Q)

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37
Q

____ is fully reduced to ubiquinol (QH2) and diffuses through the membrane to _____

A

Ubiquinone, complex 3

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38
Q

______ reactions contribute to the ubiquinol pool

A

Oxidation-reduction

39
Q

Succinate Dehydrogenase (______), produces ___ during the citric acid cycle

A

Complex 2, QH2

40
Q

_________ (__), is also produced during fatty acid ________

A

Ubiquinol, QH2, oxidation

41
Q

Electrons from ________ may enter the mitochondrial _____ pool through the _____ pathway

A

cytosolic NADH, ubiquinol, 3-phosphoglycerol

42
Q

_____ transfers electrons from ubiquinol (QH2) to a series of _____ one electron at a time

A

Complex 3, cytochromes

43
Q

____ are proteins with heme prosthetic groups

A

Cytochromes

44
Q

Unlike the ____ groups in myoglobin and hemoglobin, the heme in _____ undergoes reversible _____ transfers

A

Heme, cytochrome c, one-electron

45
Q

The central iron atom can be ___ (Fe3+) or ____ (Fe2+)

A

oxidized, reduced

46
Q

In complex 3, ____ are transferred one at a time from ___ to _____

A

electrons, ubiquinol,cytochrome c

47
Q

Reduced ____ transfers electrons to ______

A

Cytochrome c, complex 4

48
Q

Transfer of two electrons from one molecule of ubiquinol to two molecules of _____ also pumps a total of _____ into the intermebrane space

A

Cytochrome c, four

49
Q

The final recipient of electrons from ____ is cytochrome c which transfer one electron at a time to _____

A

Complex 3, Complex 4

50
Q

Complex 4 ____ cytochrome c and ______ O2

A

oxidizes, reduces

51
Q

______ (cytochrome oxidase), catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to form water

A

Complex 4

52
Q

O2 is reduced to ___ through a series of FeS and copper (Cu) based _______ reactions in _____

A

H20, oxidation-reduction, complex 4

53
Q

For every two electrons from cytochrome c, _____ are translocated into the intermembrane space

A

two protons

54
Q

______ are transported per ubiquinol (QH2) molecule

A

6 protons

55
Q

The _____ generated by the electron transport chain represents a source of ___ that can drive the formation of _____

A

proton gradient, free energy, ATP

56
Q

The total free energy of the protonmotive force has a ______ and an ____ component

A

concentraiton, electrical

57
Q

The protein that taps the electrochemical proton gradient to phosphorylate ___ is known as ______

A

ADP, ATP Synthase

58
Q

ATP Synthase is also referred to as _____ of the ______

A

Complex 5, ETC

59
Q

ATP Synthase is a ___ protein complex of _____

A

multisubunit, complexes

60
Q

The ____ complex transports protons across the membrane along the ______

A

F0, proton gradient

61
Q

The ___ complex is where _____ + ____ is converted to ATP

A

F1, ADP, Pi

62
Q

______: F0F1 ATPase

A

ATP Synthase

63
Q

_____ Synthase Rotates

A

ATP

64
Q

A proton enters through the _____ subunit along its concentration gradient and binds to a ____

A

a, c subunit

65
Q

The ___ subunit rotates away from the ____

A

c, a subunit

66
Q

As a new ___ subunit reaches the a subunit a ___ is relased

A

c, proton

67
Q

One rotation of the ring translocates 8 protons since there are 8 _____

A

c subunits

68
Q

Proton transport down the gradient rotates the ___ subunit as the __ subunits turn

A

gamma, c

69
Q

The ___ subunit changes the conformation of the ___ complex as it rotates

A

gamma, F1

70
Q

The change in conformation of the _____ is couple to ATP synthesis

A

alpha-beta dimer

71
Q

The alpha-beta subunits form ___ different conformations

A

Three

72
Q

__ and ___ bind to the open conformation

A

ADP, Pi

73
Q

____ is formed in the tight conformation

A

ATP

74
Q

ATP is released in the ____ conformation

A

open

75
Q

The ___ ratio describes the stoichiometry of oxidative phosphorylation

A

P:O

76
Q

The P:O ratio is the number of _____ molecules produced per ____ atom ____

A

ATP, oxygen, reduced

77
Q

The P:O ratios are based on the ____ movement of ATP ____ and linked to the number of ___ translocated per electron

A

mechanical, synthase, protons

78
Q

The rate of ______ phosphorylation depends on the rate of _____

A

oxidative, fuel catabolism

79
Q

Oxidative phosphorilation is regulated by the availability of ____ cofactors (____ and ____) produced by other metabolic processes

A

Reduced, NADH, QH2

80
Q

_____ translocation drives the rotation of a portion of ATP _____

A

Proton, Synthase

81
Q

_____-induced conformational changes allow ATP Synthase to bind ADP and Pi to phosphorylate ADP, and to relase ATP

A

Rotation

82
Q

ATP () and ADP () are charge molecules, so they cannot freely diffuse across the mitochondrial membrane

A

-4,-3

83
Q

Transport of ATP ___ the matrix is couple to transport of __ into the matrix

A

from, ADP

84
Q

Pi uses the ____ gradient across the membrane created by ___ pumps of the ETC

A

H+, proton

85
Q

ATP synthase ____ operate in the absence of ___

A

cannot, ADP

86
Q

The proton gradient is ______ when ATP is abundant and ADP is scarce

A

not utilized

87
Q

Electron flow along the ETC is inhibited when ATP is abundant and ADP is scarce, which leads to the accumulation of ____ and ____, which leads to the inhibition of the _____

A

NADH, FADH2, TCA Cycle

88
Q

The inhibition of TCA cycle adds to inhibtion of ____

A

Glycolysis

89
Q

Protonmotive force can also produce ____

A

heat

90
Q

Body heat can be produced when protons run back along _____ without ______

A

the gradient, producing ATP

91
Q

An alternative return route for the protons exists through an uncoupling protein in the inner membrane (_____)

A

Thermogenin

92
Q

____ allows the return of protons to the matrix the protonmotive force ____ is released as _____

A

Thermogenin, energy, heat

93
Q

Brown fat has high content of ___ molecules, (____), and higher number of ____ compared to normal cells

A

energy, fatty acids, mitochondria

94
Q

_____ also have a higher than normal concentration of ____ in their inner membrane

A

Mitochondria, thermogenin

Biochemistry (9 decks)

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