Gluconeogenesis

Question 1

Gluconeogenesis is the formation of glucose from _____ (_____) or _______ (______)

Answer 1

Pyruvate, glycolysis, oxaloacetate, TCA cycle

Question 2

Glycolysis enzymes which catalyze _____ _____ are used

Answer 2

Reversible reactions

Question 3

Pyruvate is converted to PEP in _____ steps

Answer 3

Two

Question 4

PEP stands for

Answer 4

Phosphoenolpyruvate

Question 5

The intermediate between pyruvate and PEP is _____

Answer 5

Oxaloacetate

Question 6

Carbon dioxide is _____ in the first step to pyruvate and ______ from ______ in the second step

Answer 6

added,released, oxaloacetate

Question 7

The conversion from pyruvate to PEP is an _________ reaction and is coupled with the hydrolysis of both ____ and _____

Answer 7

endergonic, GTP, ATP

Question 8

The pyruvate carboxylase mechanism requires a _____

Answer 8

biotin cofactor

Question 9

Many _____ transfer reactions proceed through a similar mechanism and require ______

Answer 9

CO2, biotin

Question 10

The enzyme that converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate is _____

Answer 10

Pyruvate carboxylase

Question 11

The enyme that converts oxaloacetate to PEP is____

Answer 11

PEP carboxykinase

Question 12

The enzyme that converts fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate is ____

Answer 12

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase

Question 13

_____ converts glucose 6-phosphate to glucose

Answer 13

Glucose 6-phosphatase

Question 14

The final two unique enzymes of gluconeogenesis are _____

Answer 14

phosphatases

Question 15

The reaction equation for glycolysis is?

Answer 15

Glucose + 2 ADP + 2pi —> 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP

Question 16

the reaction equation for gluconeogenesis is?

Answer 16

2 pyruvate + 6 ATP –> glucose + 6 ADP + 6 Pi

Question 17

If glycolysis and gluconeogenesis occured simultaneously, there would be ____

Answer 17

A net consumption of ATP

Question 18

What is the role of pyruvate kinase?

Answer 18

It catalyzes the conversion of PEP to Pyruvate

Question 19

Pyruvate kinase activity is regulated ______ by __________ and _____

Answer 19

allosterically, feed-forward activation, product inhibition

Question 20

Feed-forward activation of pyruvate kinase by: ________

Answer 20

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

Question 21

Product inhibition regulation of pyruvate kinase by: _____

Answer 21

ATP

Question 22

List 3 ways pyruvate kinase is regulated:

Answer 22

Product inhibition–ATP, Feed-forward activation–Fructose -1,6-bisphosphate, phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA)

Question 23

What are the four possible ways pyruvate can be converted into?

Answer 23

1. Acetyl CoA, 2. Oxaloacetate. 3. Lactate, 4. Ethanol + CO2

Question 24

What happens after pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA?

Answer 24

Acetyl-CoA can enter the TCA cycle or be converted into fatty acids

Question 25

What happens after pyruvate is converted to oxaloacetate?

Answer 25

Oxaloacetate is a substrate for the TCA cycle, gluconeogenesis, and an intermediate in amino acid biosynthesis

Question 26

What happens after pyruvate is converted to lactate?

Answer 26

It is part of the anaerobic pathway in the muscles to regenerate NAD+

Question 27

What happens after pyruvate is converted to ethanol + CO2?

Answer 27

Anaerobic pathway to regenerate NAD+ through fermentation

Question 28

Pyruvate can be ___ to Acetyl-CoA

Answer 28

Oxidized

Question 29

What enzyme causes the decarboxylation of Pyruvate into Acetyl-CoA?

Answer 29

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

Question 30

What does pyruvate dehydrogenase do?

Answer 30

Converts 3-carbon pyruvate into 2-carbon acetyl-CoA

Question 31

What kind of bonds does Acetyl-CoA have?

Answer 31

High-energy thioester bond

Question 32

____ converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate

Answer 32

Pyruvate carboxylase

Question 33

How is pyruvate converted into ethanol?

Answer 33

It is converted to acetaldehyde by pyruvate decarboxylase, acetaldehyde is converted to ethanol by alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 34

Why must NAD+ be regenerated?

Answer 34

Muscle contractions occur anaerobically so NAD+ must be regenerated to allow glycolysis to continue

Question 35

What happens to the generated lactate?

Answer 35

It is transported to the liver where it can be converted back to pyruvate

Question 36

Muscle tissue converts ____ to _____

Answer 36

Pyruvate, lactate

Question 37

What is the enzyme that converts pyruvate to lactate?

Answer 37

Lactate dehydrogenase

Question 38

During the Cori cycle, ____ generated in the ___ during _______ is transported to the ___ via the _____

Answer 38

Lactate, muscle tissue, anaerobic exercise, liver, blood

Question 39

What happens to lactate in the liver?

Answer 39

It is converted into glucose by gluconeogenesis which can then be transported back to the muscle for additional energy

Question 40

Ethanol is processed in the ____ to _____

Answer 40

liver, acetate

Question 41

Humans do not convert ____ to ethanol, but do metabolize ingested ethanol into _____ through a ____ process that generates _____

Answer 41

pyruvate,acetate,two-step, two molecules of NADH

Question 42

The enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase converts the reversible reaction of _____ to ____ using or generating _____

Answer 42

Acetaldehyde, ethanol, NADH or NAD+

Question 43

______ converts acetaldehyde to acetate

Answer 43

Aceltaldehyde dehydrogenase