Overview of the Central Dogma Flashcards
illustrates the flow of genetic information in cells, DNA replication,
and coding for the RNA through the transcription process, and further RNA codes for the
proteins by translation.
Central Dogma
where the organism’s genetic material is
duplicated. This process is essential to maintain genetic continuity in the newly formed cell
during cell division
DNA replication
In this process,
DNA information is transcribed into mRNA, a type of RNA molecule that contains the
instructions or recipe that directs the cells to make a protein using its natural machinery.
RNA transcription
is a process that occurs on ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm, where
mRNA is read and translated into the string of amino acid chains that make up the synthesized
protein.
Protein translation
define as the basic unit structural and functional unit of life
Cell
General Characteristics of Cell(6)
- Needs nutrition and oxygen
- Produces its own energy necessary for its growth, repair and other activities
- Eliminates carbon dioxide and other metabolic wastes
- Maintains the medium, i.e. the environment for its survival
- Shows immediate response to the entry of invaders like bacteria or toxic substances into
the body - Reproduces by division. There are some exceptions like neuron, which do not
reproduce.
Cell body has two parts, namely
nucleus and cytoplasm
molecules are arranged in two layers Each phospholipid molecule
resembles the headed pin in shape.
Phospholipids
The outer part of the phospholipid molecule is
called the
head portion
the inner portion is called the
tail portion.
Head portion
hydrophilic
Tail portion
hydrophobic
molecules are arranged in between the phospholipid molecules.
Cholesterol
are the proteins that pass through entire
thickness of cell membrane from one side to the other side
Integral/Transverse Proteins
Proteins which are partially embedded in the outer and inner surfaces of the cell
membrane and do not penetrate the cell membrane.
Peripheral/Peripheral Membrane Proteins
Carbohydrate molecules present in cell membrane are attached to proteins and form
glycoproteins
Carbohydrate molecules form a thin and loose covering over the entire surface of the cell membrane called
glycocalyx.
cell is the jellylike material formed by 80% of water
Cytoplasm
It contains a
clear liquid portion called
cytosol
Organelle with limiting membranes(8)
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
Peroxisome
Centrosome and centrioles
Secretory vesicles
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Organelles without limiting membranes(2)
Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton
The lumen of endoplasmic reticulum contains a fluid
medium called
endoplasmic matrix
It is the endoplasmic reticulum with rough, bumpy or bead-like appearance.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth and tubular in appearance
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
is a membrane-bound organelle situated near the nucleus.
Golgi Apparatus
positioned near the endoplasmic reticulum
cis face
near
the cell membrane
trans face
Each Golgi apparatus consists of 5 to 8 flattened membranous sacs called
the
cisternae
are the membrane-bound vesicular organelles found throughout the cytoplasm.
Lysosome