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Physiology reviewer d pa tapos > Overview of the Central Dogma > Flashcards

Overview of the Central Dogma Flashcards

1
Q

illustrates the flow of genetic information in cells, DNA replication,
and coding for the RNA through the transcription process, and further RNA codes for the
proteins by translation.

A

Central Dogma

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2
Q

where the organism’s genetic material is
duplicated. This process is essential to maintain genetic continuity in the newly formed cell
during cell division

A

DNA replication

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3
Q

In this process,
DNA information is transcribed into mRNA, a type of RNA molecule that contains the
instructions or recipe that directs the cells to make a protein using its natural machinery.

A

RNA transcription

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4
Q

is a process that occurs on ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm, where
mRNA is read and translated into the string of amino acid chains that make up the synthesized
protein.

A

Protein translation

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5
Q

define as the basic unit structural and functional unit of life

A

Cell

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6
Q

General Characteristics of Cell(6)

A
  1. Needs nutrition and oxygen
  2. Produces its own energy necessary for its growth, repair and other activities
  3. Eliminates carbon dioxide and other metabolic wastes
  4. Maintains the medium, i.e. the environment for its survival
  5. Shows immediate response to the entry of invaders like bacteria or toxic substances into
    the body
  6. Reproduces by division. There are some exceptions like neuron, which do not
    reproduce.
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7
Q

Cell body has two parts, namely

A

nucleus and cytoplasm

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8
Q

molecules are arranged in two layers Each phospholipid molecule
resembles the headed pin in shape.

A

Phospholipids

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9
Q

The outer part of the phospholipid molecule is
called the

A

head portion

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10
Q

the inner portion is called the

A

tail portion.

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11
Q

Head portion

A

hydrophilic

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12
Q

Tail portion

A

hydrophobic

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13
Q

molecules are arranged in between the phospholipid molecules.

A

Cholesterol

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14
Q

are the proteins that pass through entire
thickness of cell membrane from one side to the other side

A

Integral/Transverse Proteins

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15
Q

Proteins which are partially embedded in the outer and inner surfaces of the cell
membrane and do not penetrate the cell membrane.

A

Peripheral/Peripheral Membrane Proteins

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16
Q

Carbohydrate molecules present in cell membrane are attached to proteins and form

A

glycoproteins

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17
Q

Carbohydrate molecules form a thin and loose covering over the entire surface of the cell membrane called

A

glycocalyx.

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18
Q

cell is the jellylike material formed by 80% of water

A

Cytoplasm

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19
Q

It contains a
clear liquid portion called

A

cytosol

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20
Q

Organelle with limiting membranes(8)

A

 Endoplasmic reticulum
 Golgi apparatus
 Lysosome
 Peroxisome
 Centrosome and centrioles
 Secretory vesicles
 Mitochondria
 Nucleus

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21
Q

Organelles without limiting membranes(2)

A

 Ribosomes
 Cytoskeleton

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22
Q

The lumen of endoplasmic reticulum contains a fluid
medium called

A

endoplasmic matrix

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23
Q

It is the endoplasmic reticulum with rough, bumpy or bead-like appearance.

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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24
Q

Smooth and tubular in appearance

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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25
Q

is a membrane-bound organelle situated near the nucleus.

A

Golgi Apparatus

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26
Q

positioned near the endoplasmic reticulum

A

cis face

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27
Q

near
the cell membrane

A

trans face

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28
Q

Each Golgi apparatus consists of 5 to 8 flattened membranous sacs called
the

A

cisternae

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29
Q

are the membrane-bound vesicular organelles found throughout the cytoplasm.

A

Lysosome

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30
Q

Types of Lysosome(2)

A

Primary lysosome
Secondary lysosome

31
Q

which is pinched off from Golgi apparatus. It is inactive in spite of
having hydrolytic enzymes

A

Primary lysosome

32
Q

which is the active lysosome. It is formed by the fusion of a
primary lysosome with phagosome or endosome.

A

Secondary lysosome

33
Q

Digestion of extracellular materials engulfed by the cell via endocytosis

A

Heterophagy

34
Q

Digestion of intracellular materials such as worn-out cytoplasmic
organelles.

A

Autophagy

35
Q

hydrolyze the proteins into amino acids

A

Proteases

36
Q

hydrolyze the lipids into fatty acids and glycerides

A

Lipases

37
Q

hydrolyze the polysaccharides into glucose

A

Amylases

38
Q

hydrolyze the nucleic acids into mononucleotides.

A

Nucleases

39
Q

are the membrane limited vesicles like the lysosomes.

A

Peroxisomes

40
Q

is the membrane-bound cellular organelle situated almost in the center of cell,
close to nucleus.

A

Centrosome

41
Q

are the organelles with limiting membrane and contain the secretory
substances.

A

Secretory Vesicles

42
Q

is a membrane bound
cytoplasmic organelle concerned with
production of energy.

A

Mitochondria

43
Q

are the organelles without limiting membrane.

A

Ribosomes

44
Q

is the cellular organelle present throughout the cytoplasm. It determines
the shape of the cell and gives support to the cell.

A

Cytoskeleton

45
Q

are the straight, hollow and tubular structures of the cytoskeleton.

A

Microtubules

46
Q

Structurally, the microtubules are formed by bundles of globular protein called

A

tubulin.

47
Q

are the structures that form a network around the nucleus and
extend to the periphery of the cell.

A

Intermediate Filament

48
Q

These filaments are made up of non-tubular contractile proteins called actin and myosin.
Actin is more abundant than myosin.

A

Microfilament

49
Q

is the most prominent
and the largest cellular organelle

A

Nucleus

50
Q

Nucleus is covered by a membrane called

A

nuclear membrane

51
Q

Major components of nucleus are(3)

A

nucleoplasm
chromatin
nucleolus

52
Q

is double layered and porous in nature. This allows the
nucleoplasm to communicate with the cytoplasm.

A

Nuclear Membrane

53
Q

It is a highly viscous fluid that forms the ground substance of the nucleus that
surrounds chromatin and nucleolus.

A

Nucleoplasm

54
Q

is a small, round granular structure of the nucleus. Each nucleus contains one or
more nucleoli.

A

Nucleolus

55
Q

are the channels which open whenever there is a change in the
electrical potential.

A

voltage-gated channels

56
Q

are the type of channels which open in the presence of some
hormonal substances

A

Ligand-gated channels

57
Q

are the channels which are opened by some mechanical
factors

A

Mechanically gated channels

58
Q

Categories of Gated Channels(3)

A

voltage-gated channels
Ligand-gated channels
Mechanically gated channels

59
Q

Factors Affecting the Rate of Diffusion

A

Permeability of the Cell Membrane

Temperature

Concentration of Gradient or Electrical Gradient of the substance across the Cell
Membrane

Solubility of the Substances

Thickness of the Cell
Membrane

Size of the Molecules

Size of the Ions

Charge of the Ions

60
Q

is the diffusion of large quantity of substances from a region of high
pressure to the region of low pressure.

A

Bulk Flow

61
Q

Movement of water and solutes from an area of high hydrostatic pressure to an area
of low hydrostatic pressure.

A

Filtration

62
Q

movement of water or any other solvent from an area of lower concentration to an
area of higher concentration of a solute, through a semipermeable membrane

A

Osmosis

63
Q

is the pressure created by the solutes in a fluid

A

Osmotic pressure

64
Q

is a process in which water or other solvent flows in reverse direction

A

Reverse Osmotic pressure

65
Q

Types of Osmosis

A

Endosmosis
Exosmosis

66
Q

Movement of water into the cell

A

Endosmosis:

67
Q

Movement of water out of the cell.

A

Exosmosis

68
Q

is the type of transport mechanism in which the energy is
liberated directly from the breakdown of ATP.

A

Primary active transport

69
Q

Special Type of Active Transport

A
  1. Endocytosis
  2. Exocytosis
  3. Transcytosis
70
Q

is a process by which macromolecules like bacteria and antigens are taken
into the cells.

A

Pinocytosis

71
Q

is the process by which particles larger than the macromolecules are engulfed
into the cells.

A

Phagocytosis

72
Q

is the transport of macromolecules with the help of a
receptor protein.

A

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

73
Q

is the process by
which the substances are expelled
from the cell.

A

Exocytosis

74
Q
A

Physiology reviewer d pa tapos (9 decks)

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