Carbohydrate and Lipids Metabolism

Question 1

the formation of new glucose molecules from noncarbohydrate precursors (lactate, pyruvate,
glycerol, and certain -keto acids (molecules derived from amino acids).

Answer 1

Gluconeogenesis

Question 2

Primarily occurs in the liver
and Occurs secondarily in kidney

Answer 2

Gluconeogenesis

Question 3

PEP synthesis from pyruvate requires two enzymes:

Answer 3

pyruvate carboxylase
PEP carboxykinase

Question 4

found only in liver and kidney,
catalyzes the irreversible hydrolysis of glucose- 6-
phosphate to form glucose and Pi. Glucose is subsequently
released into the blood.

Answer 4

Glucose-6-phosphatase

Question 5

is more effective if transient accumulation of
product is funneled back through the cycle.

Answer 5

Flux control

Question 6

is an energy-consuming process. Instead of
generating ATP (as in glycolysis), gluconeogenesis requires
the hydrolysis of six high energy phosphate bonds

Answer 6

Gluconeogenesis

Question 7

lactate is
released by skeletal muscle
during exercise.

Answer 7

Cori cycle

Question 8

a product of fat metabolism in adipose tissue, is
transported to the liver in the blood and then converted to
glycerol-3-phosphate by glycerol kinase.

Answer 8

Glycerol

Question 9

When fructose-1-phosphate enters the glycolytic pathway, it
is first split into

Answer 9

dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde

Question 10

is the storage form of glucose

Answer 10

Glycogen

Question 11

Fats (or triglycerides) within the body are ingested as food or synthesized by adipocytes or hepatocytes from

Answer 11

carbohydrate precursors

Question 12

is associated with carbohydrate metabolism, as products of glucose (such as acetyl CoA) can be converted into lipids.

Answer 12

Lipid metabolism

Question 13

When food reaches the small intestine in the form of chyme, a digestive hormone called

Answer 13

cholecystokinin

Question 14

Within the intestinal cells, these triglycerides are packaged along with cholesterol molecules in phospholipid vesicles called

Answer 14

chylomicrons.

Question 15

The process of breaking down stored triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol by triglyceride lipase, which is stimulated by adrenaline and glucagon.

Answer 15

Lipolysis

Question 16

If excessive acetyl CoA is created from the oxidation of fatty acids and the Krebs cycle is overloaded and cannot handle it, the acetyl CoA is diverted to create

Answer 16

ketone bodies

Question 17

serve as fuel in times of prolonged starvation or
when patients suffer from uncontrolled diabetes and cannot utilize most of the circulating glucose.

Answer 17

Ketones

Question 18

n this ketone synthesis reaction, excess acetyl CoA is
converted into

Answer 18

hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA
or
(HMG CoA).

Question 19

s a precursor of cholesterol and is an intermediate
that is subsequently converted into β-hydroxybutyrate, the
primary ketone body in the blood

Answer 19

HMG CoA

Question 20

creation of lipids (fat) from the acetyl CoA and
takes place in the cytoplasm of adipocytes (fat cells) and
hepatocytes (liver cells).

Answer 20

Lipogenesis

Question 21

Fatty acids are synthesised within the cytoplasm of
hepatocytes, following maximal conversion
of

Answer 21

glucose to glycogen.

Question 22

creates an elongated fatty acid chain from the malonyl-CoA molecules, adding two carbon atoms for each molecule of malonyl-coA

Answer 22

Fatty acid synthase