Overview of Renal System

Question 1

what are the two types of nephrons in the kidney?

Answer 1

cortical

juxtamedullary

Question 2

what artery actually enters the glomerulus?

Answer 2

the afferent arteriole

Question 3

what vessel exits the glomerulus?

Answer 3

the efferent arteriole

Question 4

what does the efferent arteriole become?

Answer 4

becomes the vasa recta

Question 5

where does the vasa recta travel?

Answer 5

around the loop of henle

Question 6

what does the vasa recta turn into after traveling around the loop of henle?

Answer 6

the interlobular vein

Question 7

what is another name for the vasa recta?

Answer 7

peritubular capillaries

Question 8

what is the main role of the glomerulus?

Answer 8

filtration

Question 9

what is the main role of the PCT?

Answer 9

reabsorption

Question 10

in addition to reabsorption what else can occur in the PCT?

Answer 10

secretion

Question 11

what three molecules are almost totally reabsorbed in the PCT?

Answer 11

glucose and amino acids totally

bicarbonate almost totally

Question 12

is the fluid in the PCT hyper, hypo or iso osmotic?

Answer 12

iso-osmotic

Question 13

what is the main role of the loop of henle?

Answer 13

concentration of urine

Question 14

is the fluid in the entrance of loop of henle hyper, hypo or iso osmotic?

Answer 14

iso

Question 15

is the fluid in the turn of the loop of henle hyper, hypo or iso osmotic?

Answer 15

hyperosmotic

Question 16

is the fluid in at the end of the loop of henle hyper, hypo or iso osmotic?

Answer 16

hypoosmotic

Question 17

what is the main role of the early distal tubule?

Answer 17

to dilute urine through reabsorption

Question 18

what is the only molecule reabsorbed in the early distal tubule?

Answer 18

Na

Question 19

is the fluid in the early distal tubule hyper, hypo or iso osmotic?

Answer 19

hypoosmotic

Question 20

what is the main purpose of the late distal tubule and the collecting duct?

Answer 20

to fine tune the ultrafiltrate

Question 21

what can the late distal tubule and collecting duct respond to? what can it reabsorb?

Answer 21

responds to hormonal control

can absorb water and ions depending on hormone signalling

Question 22

what two parts of the nephron make up the juxtagloerular apparatus?

Answer 22

afferent arteriole and distal tubule

Question 23

what is the juxtaglomerular apparatus in charge of?

Answer 23

renin aldosterone angiotensin system

Question 24

what are the juxtaglomerular cells? where are they located?

Answer 24

smooth muscle cells on the periphery of the afferent arteriole

Question 25

what are the macula densa cells? where are they located? what do they help with?

Answer 25

dense cells in the distal tubule

RAAS help

Question 26

what is the role of the extraglomerular mesangial cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Answer 26

they help the macula densa cells of the distal tubule communicate with the juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent arteriole

Question 27

what do the macula densa cells respond to in the distal tubule?

Answer 27

low NaCl delivery to them

Question 28

what do the juxtaglomerular cells respond to in the afferent arteriole?

Answer 28

low blood pressure, or decreased vessel stretching

or increased sympathetic activity sensed in the cells

Question 29

name the three conditions that lead to renin release from the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 29

decreased NaCl in distal tubule
decreased BP in the afferent arteriole
increased sympathetic activity in the afferent arteriole